tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-46166369978561400132023-11-16T03:22:34.239-08:00AL-CHEMYBLOG YANG BERISI TUGAS2 DAN KUMPULAN RAHASIA KU. RAHASAIA tentang KIMIA. HEHEHEHEHEHEHEHEHEHEHEHEHEHHEHEHEHEHEsmansadahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12193993875633036156noreply@blogger.comBlogger9125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4616636997856140013.post-87140236923602341452009-11-13T01:57:00.000-08:002009-11-13T02:02:01.391-08:00litosfer<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"><meta name="ProgId" content="Word.Document"><meta name="Generator" content="Microsoft Word 11"><meta name="Originator" content="Microsoft Word 11"><link rel="File-List" href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5Cclient05%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtml1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml"><link rel="Edit-Time-Data" href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5Cclient05%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtml1%5C01%5Cclip_editdata.mso"><!--[if !mso]> <style> v\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);} o\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);} w\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);} .shape {behavior:url(#default#VML);} </style> <![endif]--><o:smarttagtype namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" name="country-region"></o:smarttagtype><o:smarttagtype namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" name="City"></o:smarttagtype><o:smarttagtype namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" name="place"></o:smarttagtype><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> <w:DontGrowAutofit/> </w:Compatibility> <w:BrowserLevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel> </w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" LatentStyleCount="156"> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if !mso]><object classid="clsid:38481807-CA0E-42D2-BF39-B33AF135CC4D" id=ieooui></object> <style> st1\:*{behavior:url(#ieooui) } </style> <![endif]--><style> <!-- /* Font Definitions */ @font-face {font-family:Wingdings; 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font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:#0400; mso-fareast-language:#0400; mso-bidi-language:#0400;} </style> <![endif]--> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">BAB I<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">PENDAHULUAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="ListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"><span style="">A.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">LATAR BELAKANG<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">Bumi ini tersusun dari beberapa lapisan yaitu lapisan barisfer, lapisan antara, dan lapisan litosfer. <span style=""> </span>Barisfer merupakan lapisan inti bumi yang tersusun dari lapisan nife (nikel dan ferum).<span style=""> </span>Sedangkan lapisan antara adalah lapisan yang terletak di atas nife (nikel dan ferum)<span style=""> </span>yang merupakan bahan cair dan berpijar.<span style=""> </span>Adapun litosfer adalah lapisan paling luar yang berada di atas lapisan antara.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">Litosfer merupakan lapisan bumi paling atas yang merupakan tempat tinggal mahluk hidup, baik oleh manusia, hewan dan tanaman. Semua akifitas manusia dilakukan di lapisan litosfer. Manusia tinggal, berkembang biak, bekerja dan berinteraksi dengan lingkungan sekitar di lapisan ini.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">Lapisan litosfer memiliki beragam bentuk, ada yang berupa pegunungan, dataran tinggi, dataran rendah, maupun sungai. Perbedaan bentuk ini dipengaruhi oleh beberapa faktor alam yaitu tenaga endogen dan eksogen bumi. Perbedaan bentuk muka bumi ini menyebabkan pengaruh yang berbeda terhadap kehidupan manusia. Oleh sebab itu, kita perlu mengkaji lebih dalam mengenai litosfer, bahan-bahan penyusunnya serta pengaruhnya terhadap kehidupan manusia.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"><span style="">B.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">TUJUAN<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">Adapun tujuan dari pembuatan paper ini adalah sebagai berikut:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">Memenuhi tuntutan tugas <span style=""> </span>semester ganjil pada mata kuliah PENGETAHUAN LINGKUNGAN oleh Aang Mahyani,S.Pd.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">Mengetahui lapisan tempat tinggal manusia yaitu litosfer, struktur dan komposisinya, dan<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">Mengetahui pengaruh bentuk muka bumi terhadap kehidupan manusia.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"><span style="">C.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">RUMUSAN MASALAH<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; text-indent: 31.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">Agar pernasalahan mengenai litosfer ini dapat mencapai sasaran yang dituju maka penulis membatasi permasalahan mengenai litosfer sebagai berikut:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"><span style="">1.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">Apa yang dimaksud dengan litosfer serta<span style=""> </span>manfaat litosfer bagi kehidupan manusia?<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"><span style="">2.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">Bagaimana struktur dan komposisi bumi?<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"><span style="">3.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">Apa pengaruh bentuk muka bumi terhadap kehidupan manusia?<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center;" align="center"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">BAB II<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center;" align="center"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">PEMBAHASAN</span></b><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"><span style="">A.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">STRUKTUR DAN KOMPOSISI BUMI<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">Bumi adalah salah satu anggota tata surya dimana matahari sebagai pusatnya. Jika bumi kita iris maka akan terlihat lapisan seperti di bawah ini:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shapetype id="_x0000_t75" coordsize="21600,21600" o:spt="75" o:preferrelative="t" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" filled="f" stroked="f"> <v:stroke joinstyle="miter"/> <v:formulas> <v:f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0"/> <v:f eqn="sum @0 1 0"/> <v:f eqn="sum 0 0 @1"/> <v:f eqn="prod @2 1 2"/> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelWidth"/> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelHeight"/> <v:f eqn="sum @0 0 1"/> <v:f eqn="prod @6 1 2"/> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelWidth"/> <v:f eqn="sum @8 21600 0"/> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelHeight"/> <v:f eqn="sum @10 21600 0"/> </v:formulas> <v:path o:extrusionok="f" gradientshapeok="t" o:connecttype="rect"/> <o:lock v:ext="edit" aspectratio="t"/> </v:shapetype><v:shape id="_x0000_i1025" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="" style='width:255.75pt; height:192.75pt'> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\client05\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image001.gif" o:href="http://118.98.213.22/choirul/how/g/geografi/gempa%20bumi_files/pic3.gif"/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/client05/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image001.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1025" width="341" height="257"><!--[endif]--></p> <p class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">Struktur bumi dari dalam keluar adalah sebagai berikut:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 28.35pt; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"><span style="">1)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">Lapisan inti bumi, merupakan pusat bumi dengan diameter 2600<span style=""> </span>Km. Lapisan ini tersusun dari besi dan nikel padat dan merupakan lapisan yang paling panas.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 28.35pt; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"><span style="">2)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">Lapisan inti bumi luar. Yang tersusun atas cairan yang sangat kental dengan ketebalan 2200Km.<span style=""> </span>inti bumi bagian luar terdiri dari besi dan nikel cair dengan suhu 3900<sup>o</sup>C.<span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 28.35pt; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"><span style="">3)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">Lapisan selimut atau selubung bumi. Memiliki ketebalan 2900Km, yang tediri atas cairan silikat kental.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="ListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 28.35pt; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"><span style="">4)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">Lapisan kerak bumi (litosfer). Merupakan lapisan paling atas yang dihuni oleh mahluk hidup. Dilapisan ini terdapat banyak batuan, mineral, dan tanah dengan ketebalan 85Km. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">Adapun komposisi kimia bumi menurut F. W. Clarke's<span style=""> </span>dalam sebuah tabel<span style=""> </span>kerak oksida dalah sebagai berikut. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="margin-left: 1.4pt; border-collapse: collapse;" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"> <tbody><tr style=""> <td style="padding: 1.4pt; width: 111.1pt;" width="148"> <p class="TableHeading" style="text-align: left;" align="left"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">Senyawa<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="padding: 1.4pt; width: 49.65pt;" width="66"> <p class="TableHeading"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">Formula<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="padding: 1.4pt; width: 61.5pt;" width="82"> <p class="TableHeading"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">Komposisi<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="padding: 1.4pt; width: 111.1pt;" width="148"> <p class="TableContents"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Silika&action=edit&redlink=1">silika</a><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="padding: 1.4pt; width: 49.65pt;" width="66"> <p class="TableContents"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">SiO<span style="position: relative; top: 3.5pt;">2<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </td> <td style="padding: 1.4pt; width: 61.5pt;" width="82"> <p class="TableContents"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">59,71%<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="padding: 1.4pt; width: 111.1pt;" width="148"> <p class="TableContents"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alumina">alumina</a><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="padding: 1.4pt; width: 49.65pt;" width="66"> <p class="TableContents"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">Al<span style="position: relative; top: 3.5pt;">2</span>O<span style="position: relative; top: 3.5pt;">3<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </td> <td style="padding: 1.4pt; width: 61.5pt;" width="82"> <p class="TableContents"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">15,41%<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="padding: 1.4pt; width: 111.1pt;" width="148"> <p class="TableContents"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Calcium_oxide&action=edit&redlink=1">kapur</a><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="padding: 1.4pt; width: 49.65pt;" width="66"> <p class="TableContents"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">CaO<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="padding: 1.4pt; width: 61.5pt;" width="82"> <p class="TableContents"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">4,90%<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="padding: 1.4pt; width: 111.1pt;" width="148"> <p class="TableContents"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Magnesia&action=edit&redlink=1">Magnesia</a><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="padding: 1.4pt; width: 49.65pt;" width="66"> <p class="TableContents"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">MgO<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="padding: 1.4pt; width: 61.5pt;" width="82"> <p class="TableContents"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">4,36%<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="padding: 1.4pt; width: 111.1pt;" width="148"> <p class="TableContents"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sodium_oxide&action=edit&redlink=1">sodium oxide</a><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="padding: 1.4pt; width: 49.65pt;" width="66"> <p class="TableContents"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">Na<span style="position: relative; top: 3.5pt;">2</span>O<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="padding: 1.4pt; width: 61.5pt;" width="82"> <p class="TableContents"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">3,55%<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="padding: 1.4pt; width: 111.1pt;" width="148"> <p class="TableContents"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iron%28II%29_oxide&action=edit&redlink=1">iron(II) oxide</a><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="padding: 1.4pt; width: 49.65pt;" width="66"> <p class="TableContents"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">FeO<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="padding: 1.4pt; width: 61.5pt;" width="82"> <p class="TableContents"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">3,52%<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="padding: 1.4pt; width: 111.1pt;" width="148"> <p class="TableContents"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Potasium_oxida&action=edit&redlink=1">potasium oxida</a><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="padding: 1.4pt; width: 49.65pt;" width="66"> <p class="TableContents"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">K<span style="position: relative; top: 3.5pt;">2</span>O<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="padding: 1.4pt; width: 61.5pt;" width="82"> <p class="TableContents"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">2,80%<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="padding: 1.4pt; width: 111.1pt;" width="148"> <p class="TableContents"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Besi%28III%29_oxida&action=edit&redlink=1">besi(III) oxida</a><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="padding: 1.4pt; width: 49.65pt;" width="66"> <p class="TableContents"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">Fe<span style="position: relative; top: 3.5pt;">2</span>O<span style="position: relative; top: 3.5pt;">3<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </td> <td style="padding: 1.4pt; width: 61.5pt;" width="82"> <p class="TableContents"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">2,63%<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="padding: 1.4pt; width: 111.1pt;" width="148"> <p class="TableContents"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air">air</a><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="padding: 1.4pt; width: 49.65pt;" width="66"> <p class="TableContents"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">H<span style="position: relative; top: 3.5pt;">2</span>O<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="padding: 1.4pt; width: 61.5pt;" width="82"> <p class="TableContents"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">1,52%<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="padding: 1.4pt; width: 111.1pt;" width="148"> <p class="TableContents"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Titanium_dioxida&action=edit&redlink=1">titanium dioxida</a><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="padding: 1.4pt; width: 49.65pt;" width="66"> <p class="TableContents"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">TiO<span style="position: relative; top: 3.5pt;">2<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </td> <td style="padding: 1.4pt; width: 61.5pt;" width="82"> <p class="TableContents"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">0,60%<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="padding: 1.4pt; width: 111.1pt;" width="148"> <p class="TableContents"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phosphorus_pentoxida&action=edit&redlink=1">phosphorus pentoxida</a><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="padding: 1.4pt; width: 49.65pt;" width="66"> <p class="TableContents"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">P<span style="position: relative; top: 3.5pt;">2</span>O<span style="position: relative; top: 3.5pt;">5<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </td> <td style="padding: 1.4pt; width: 61.5pt;" width="82"> <p class="TableContents"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">0,22%<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td colspan="2" style="padding: 1.4pt; width: 160.75pt;" width="214"> <p class="TableHeading"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">Total<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="padding: 1.4pt; width: 61.5pt;" width="82"> <p class="TableHeading" style="text-align: left;" align="left"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">99,22%<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> <p class="ListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 28.35pt;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"><span style="">B.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">LITOSFER DAN STRUKTUR PENYUSUNNYA<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">Litosfer berasal dari bahasa yunani yaitu lithos “ batuan” dan sphere yaitu “lapisan”. Jadi, litosfer adalah lapisan kulit bumi yang paling luar yang terdiri atas batuan dan mineral dengan ketebalan rata-rata 1200Km. litosfer terdiri dari berbagai macam unsur seperti besi, belerang, mangan, kalium, phosfat, natrium, tembaga, seng serta unsur-unsur lain.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">Lapisan litosfer terdiri atas dua bagian yaitu:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 28.35pt; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"><span style="">a.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">Lapisan sial yaitu lapisan kulit bumi yang tersusun atas logam silicium dan alumunium, senyawanya dalam bentuk SiO<sub>2</sub> dan Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>. Lapisan ini memiliki ketebalan rata-rata 35Km. lapisan sial disebut juga lapisan kerak. Kerak bumi di bagi menjadi dua, yaitu:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 56.7pt; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">Kerak benua, kerak benua merupakan benda padat yang terdiri dari batuan granit dibagian atasnya dan batuan beku basalt dibagian bawahnya.usia lapisan kerak benua adalah sekitar 3,7-4,28 miliar tahun ditemukan di Narryer Gneiss Terrane di Barat <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Australia</st1:place></st1:country-region> dan di Acasta Gneiss, Kanada.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 56.7pt; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">Kerak samudra. <span style=""> </span>Merupakan benda padat yang terdiri atas endapan dilaut pada bagian atasnya, kemudian di bagian bawahnya batuan vulkanik, dan yang paling bawah batuan beku gabro dan peridolit. Usia kerak samudra saat ini adalah sekitar 200 juta tahun. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 28.35pt; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"><span style="">b.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">Lapisan sima, yaitu lapisan kulit bumi yang tersusun oleh logam silcium dan magnesium, dalam bentuk senyawa SiO<sub>2</sub> dan MgO. Lapisan ini mempunyai berat jenis yang lebih besar dari lapisan sial karena mengandung besi dan magnesium yaitu mineral ferro magnesium dan batuan basalt. Lapisan ini bersifat elastis dan mempunyai ketebalan rata-rata 65Km.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"><span style="">C.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">MACAM-MACAM BATUAN<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">Litosfer adalah lapisan kulit bumi yang terdiri atas batuan. Proses terbentuknya ketiga batuan itu berbeda-beda tetapi induk dari ketiga batuan itu adalah magma. Magma ialah batuan cair dan pijar yang bersuhu tinggi dan mengandung berbagai mineral dan gas. Secara garis besar batuan dapat dibedakan menjadi tiga macam, yaitu:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 56.7pt; text-indent: -42.5pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><i style=""><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"><span style="">1.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span></i><!--[endif]--><i style=""><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">Batuan beku (igneus)<o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <p class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; text-indent: 21.8pt;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">Kata igneus berasal dari bahasa latin yang artinya api. Batuan beku adalah batuan yang terbentuk dari magma cair yang mengalami proses pendinginan kemudian mengeras. Proses pembekuan magma dapat terjadi ketika magma masih berada didapurnya (batuan plutonik), ditengah perjalanan ( batuan korok /porforik), dan ketika sudah berada diatas permukaan bumi(batuan beku luar/efusif).<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; text-indent: 21.25pt;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">Berdasarkan teksturnya<span style=""> </span>batuan beku dapat di bedakan menjadi:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="ListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-indent: -28.35pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">Batuan beku plutonik, yaitu batuan yang terbentuk dari pembekuan magma yang relative lebih lambat sehingg mineral penyusunnya relative lebih besar. Contohnya seperti batu gabro, dorite dan granit.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 1.5in; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">Batuan Gabbro<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="ListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 1.25in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1026" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="" style='width:162pt;height:102pt'> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\client05\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image002.jpg" o:href="http://geo-nana.netii.net/images/index2_clip_image006.jpg"/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/client05/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image002.jpg" v:shapes="_x0000_i1026" border="0" width="216" height="136"><!--[endif]--></span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="ListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-indent: -28.35pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">Batuan beku Vulkanik, yaitu batuan yang terbentuk dari pembekuan magma yang sangat cepat sehingga mengandung mineral yang sedikit. Contohnya batuan basalt, andesit dan decite.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 1.5in; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">Batuan Andesit<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 1.25in; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1027" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="BATUAN" style='width:157.5pt; height:88.5pt'> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\client05\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image003.jpg" o:href="http://geo-nana.netii.net/images/index2_clip_image004.jpg"/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/client05/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image004.jpg" alt="BATUAN" v:shapes="_x0000_i1027" border="0" width="210" height="118"><!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"><span style=""> </span>Batuan Basalt<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 1.25in; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1028" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="" style='width:162pt;height:101.25pt'> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\client05\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image005.jpg" o:href="http://geo-nana.netii.net/images/index2_clip_image008.jpg"/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/client05/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image005.jpg" v:shapes="_x0000_i1028" border="0" width="216" height="135"><!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">. Batuan Dacite<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 1.25in; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1029" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="" style='width:2in;height:110.25pt'> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\client05\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image006.jpg" o:href="http://geo-nana.netii.net/images/index2_clip_image010.jpg"/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/client05/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image006.jpg" v:shapes="_x0000_i1029" border="0" width="192" height="147"><!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="ListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 56.7pt; text-indent: -42.5pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><i style=""><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"><span style="">2.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span></i><!--[endif]--><i style=""><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">Batuan sedimen,<o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <p class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; text-indent: 21.25pt;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">Batuan sedimen merupakan batuan yang terbentuk oleh proses geomorfologi yang dipengaruhi oleh lamanya waktu. Secara umum batuan sedimen dibedakan menjadi tiga jenis, yaitu:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 56.7pt; text-indent: -28.35pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"><span style="">a)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">Batuan sedimen klastik, adalah batuan yang terbentuk dari proses pengendapan dari material-material yang mengalami transfortasi (secara mekanik). Contohnya batu konglomerat, batu pasir dan batu lempung.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.5in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1030" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="" style='width:117pt;height:93.75pt'> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\client05\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image007.jpg" o:href="http://geo-nana.netii.net/images/index2_clip_image012.jpg"/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/client05/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image007.jpg" v:shapes="_x0000_i1030" border="0" width="156" height="125"><!--[endif]--></span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 56.7pt; text-indent: -28.35pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"><span style="">b)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">Batuan sedimen non-klastik. Adalah batuan yang terbentuk karena proses kimia. Contohnya adalah batu gamping atau dolomite, garam, denhidrit, gypsum, stalagmite, stalaktit dan travetin.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 56.7pt; text-indent: -28.35pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"><span style="">c)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">Sedimen organik. Adalah batuan yang terbentuk dari gabungan sisa-sisa mahluk hidup. Contohnya batu gamping terumbu, batu gamping (limestone), dan napal batu kapur. <span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.65pt; text-indent: -42.55pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"><span style="">3.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><i style=""><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">Batuan metamorf</span></i><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="ListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; text-indent: 42.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">Yaitu batuan beku atau batuan sedimen yang berubah akibat bertambahnya tekanan dan temperatur. Contohnya batu sabak yang merupakan perubahan dari batu lempung, batu marmer dari batu gamping, dan batu kuarsit dari batu pasir.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">Dibawah ini merupakan contoh batuan metamorf :<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1031" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="" style='width:108pt;height:88.5pt'> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\client05\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image008.jpg" o:href="http://geo-nana.netii.net/images/index2_clip_image018.jpg"/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/client05/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image008.jpg" v:shapes="_x0000_i1031" border="0" width="144" height="118"><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1032" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="" style='width:108pt;height:75pt'> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\client05\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image009.jpg" o:href="http://geo-nana.netii.net/images/index2_clip_image020.jpg"/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/client05/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image009.jpg" v:shapes="_x0000_i1032" border="0" width="144" height="100"><!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1033" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="" style='width:108pt;height:77.25pt'> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\client05\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image010.jpg" o:href="http://geo-nana.netii.net/images/index2_clip_image022.jpg"/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/client05/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image010.jpg" v:shapes="_x0000_i1033" border="0" width="144" height="103"><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1034" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="" style='width:108pt;height:72.75pt'> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\client05\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image011.jpg" o:href="http://geo-nana.netii.net/images/index2_clip_image024.jpg"/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/client05/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image011.jpg" v:shapes="_x0000_i1034" border="0" width="144" height="97"><!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="ListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 1in;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"><span style="">D.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">MACAM-MACAM BENTUK MUKA BUMI<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">Permukaan bumi yang kita tinggali ini tidaklah rata, ada yang berbentuk melengkung dan ada yang berbentuk menonjol. Relief permukaan bumi di pengaruhi oleh dua tenaga geologi, yaitu tenaga endogen dan tenaga eksogen. Tenaga endogen bersifat membangun (konstruktif), sedangkan tenaga eksogen bersifat merusak (destruktif). Contoh tenaga endogen adalah tektonisme, vulkanisme dan gempa bumi (seisme). Contoh tenaga eksogen adalah pelapukan (weathering) dan pengikisan (erosi).<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"><span style="">E.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">MANFAAT LITOSFER BAGI KEHIDUPAN<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 43.1pt;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">Seperti yang sudah dijelaskan diatas bahwa litosfer merupakan lapisan kerak bumi yang paling atas. Karena itu, litosfer merupakan lapisan yang dapat dihuni oleh manusia. Didalam lapisan litosfer manusia hidup dan berkembang. Menjalankan segala aktifitas dalam kehidupannya. Lapisan litosfer juga menyediakan bahan-bahan yang di butuhkan oleh manusia untuk memenuhi kebutuhannya. Di lapisan ini manusia dapat membangun tempt tinggal, bercocok tanam, membuat lahan pertanian, perkebunan dll.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"><span style="">F.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">PENGARUH BENTUK MUKA BUMI TERHADAP KEHIDUPAN<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">Bentuk permukaan bumi yang berbeda-beda akan menimbulkan pengaruh bagi kehidupan manusia. Macam-macam bentuk muka bumi diantaranya pantai, dataran rendah, dataran tinggi,<span style=""> </span>serta pegunungan.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 28.35pt; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><i style=""><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"><span style="">1.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span></i><!--[endif]--><i style=""><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">Pantai<o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <p class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">Pantai adalah suatu bentang daratan yang masih terpengaruh oleh keadaan laut. Sejak kecil penduduk pantai telah mengenal laut, sehingga mereka sering bermain di laut dan sudah tidak asing lagi dengan gelombang laut. Hal ini mengakibatkan penduduk yang hidup dekat laut memanfaatkan laut sebagai sumber kehidupannya. Sehingga ada penduduk yang bekerja sebagai nelayan, petani ikan bandeng,<span style=""> </span>pencari mutiara, pemelihara rumput laut,dll.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 28.35pt; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><i style=""><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"><span style="">2.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span></i><!--[endif]--><i style=""><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">Dataran rendah<o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <p class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">Menurut <i style="">Junghun</i> wilyah dataran rendah terletak antara 0-700m diatas permukaan laut. Daerah ini merupakan pusat berbagai macam aktifitas seperti transportasi, perdagangan, perusahaan,<span style=""> </span>dan industri. Hal ini disebabkn tranportasi dan komunikasi lebih murah dan lancar di daerah dataran rendah. <span style=""> </span>Jenis tanaman yang cocok ditanam pada daerah ini adalah kelapa, padi, tebu dan jagung.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 28.35pt; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><i style=""><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"><span style="">3.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span></i><!--[endif]--><i style=""><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">Dataran tinggi<o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <p class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">Wilayah dataran tinggi terletak pada ketinggian sekitar 700m. Sangat cocok untuk tanaman kopi dan karet. Sistem pertanian yang sering digunakn adalah sistem pertanian lahan kering (holtikultura) seperti sayuran, buah-buahan dan tanaman hias.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 28.35pt; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><i style=""><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"><span style="">4.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span></i><!--[endif]--><i style=""><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">Daerah pegunungan<o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <p class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">Didaerah yang belum maju,<span style=""> </span>keadaan di daerah pegunungan sangat menyulitkan transportasi dan komunikasi. Hal ini menyebabkan perkembangan penduduk di daerah pegunungan cenderung statis. Biasanya pemukiman penduduk berpusat di lembah-lembah mendekati sumber air.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0.5in;" align="center"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">BAB III<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0.5in;" align="center"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">SIMPULAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">Litosfer adalah lapisan kulit bumi yang paling luar yang tersusun atas batuan dan mineral. Batuan penyusun litosfer adalah batuan beku, batuan sedimen, dan batuan metamorf. Induk dari segala batuan ini adalah magma. Lapisan kerak bumi terbagi menjadi dua macam yaitu lapisan sial di bagian atas dan lapisan sima dibagian bawah. Lapisan sial merupakan kerak bagian atas yang terdiri dari dua macam kerak yaitu kerak samudra dan kerak benua.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">Litosfer sebagai lapisan paling atas memiliki relief yang berbeda-beda, ada yang berupa cekungan seperti lembah dan ada yang berupa tonjolan seperti gunung. Perbedaan bentuk litosfer ini mempengaruhi kehidupan mahluk hidup terutama manusia. <span style=""> </span>Penduduk yang hidup di pinggir pantai akan berbeda keadaannya dengan penduduk yang hidup di dataran rendah atau pegunungan. Mata pencaharian, makanan, bentuk rumah dan pakaian yang mereka kenakan akan <span style=""> </span>berbeda.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">Misalnya saja dari segi mata pencaharian, penduduk yang berada di daerah pantai kebanyakan bermata pencaharian sebagai nelayan, sedangkan penduduk yang berada di daerah pegunungan kebanyakan<span style=""> </span>bermata pencahaian sebagai petani. Hal ini tentunya disesuaikan dengan kadaan alam dan lingkungan yang ada di daerah tersebut. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 35.45pt;" align="center"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">DAFTAR PUSTAKA<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-indent: -42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">Sutrijat,Sumadi.1999.<i style="">Geografi 1, untuk SMU kelas 1</i>. <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Jakarta</st1:place></st1:city>:PT.Dian Rakyat.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-indent: -42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">Priyono,Titi.2004. <i style="">Geografi untuk SMU kelas 1 semester gasal</i>. <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Jakarta</st1:place></st1:city>:MEDIATAMA.<span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="ListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-indent: -42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">Rusermawati,Imtam.dkk.2007. <i style="">Detik-detik Ujian Nasional Geografi</i>. Klaten: PT INTAN PARIWARA. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"><a href="http://geografi-nahnunah.blogspot.com/2007/12/litosfer.html">http://geografi-nahnunah.blogspot.com/2007/12/litosfer.html</a><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"><a href="http://images.google.co.id/imgres?imgurl=http://118.98.213.22/choirul/how/g/geografi/gempa%2520bumi_files/pic3.gif&imgrefurl=http://118.98.213.22/choirul/how/g/geografi/2_gempa%2520bumi.htm&usg=__epyp-BVdNE_MjGLfT5xuaUz0T44=&h=257&w=341&sz=7&hl=id&start=1&um=1&tbnid=CIgpaEz95eiJ9M:&tbnh=90&tbnw=120&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dlitosfer%26hl%3Did%26client%3Dfirefox-a%26channel%3Ds%26rls%3Dorg.mozilla:en-US:official%26sa%3DX%26um%3D1">http://images.google.co.id/imgres?imgurl=http://118.98.213.22/choirul/how/g/geografi/gempa%2520bumi_files/pic3.gif&imgrefurl=http://118.98.213.22/choirul/how/g/geografi/2_gempa%2520bumi.htm&usg=__epyp-BVdNE_MjGLfT5xuaUz0T44=&h=257&w=341&sz=7&hl=id&start=1&um=1&tbnid=CIgpaEz95eiJ9M:&tbnh=90&tbnw=120&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dlitosfer%26hl%3Did%26client%3Dfirefox-a%26channel%3Ds%26rls%3Dorg.mozilla:en-US:official%26sa%3DX%26um%3D1</a><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"><a href="http://geo-nana.netii.net/index.html">http://geo-nana.netii.net/index.html</a><o:p></o:p></span></p> <h2 style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-weight: normal;"><a href="http://www.crayonpedia.org/mw/Struktur_Bumi_5.2">http://www.crayonpedia.org/mw/Struktur_Bumi_5.2</a><o:p></o:p></span></h2> smansadahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12193993875633036156noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4616636997856140013.post-57507067743032183802009-06-15T23:12:00.000-07:002009-06-15T23:17:33.405-07:00<span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 255, 102);font-family:lucida grande;font-size:180%;" >MELAMINA</span><br /><br /><p style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Melamina (<a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Inggeris" title="Bahasa Inggeris">bahasa Inggeris</a>: <i>Melamine</i>) adalah sebatian bes organik dengan satu <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sianamida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sianamida (tidak wujud)">sianamida</a> <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trimer_%28kimia%29&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trimer (kimia) (tidak wujud)">trimer</a> dengan satu tulang belakang 1,3,5-<a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Triazina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Triazina (tidak wujud)">triazina</a>. Formula kimianya adalah <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon">C<sub>3</sub></a><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrogen" title="Hidrogen">H<sub>6</sub></a><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">N<sub>6</sub></a>, dan ia memiliki nama IUPAC 1,3,5-triazina-2,4,6-triamina. Ia hanya sedikit larut dalam air.</p> <p style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Ahli sains <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerman" title="Jerman">Jerman</a>, <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Justus_von_Liebig&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Justus von Liebig (tidak wujud)">Justus von Liebig</a>, merupakan orang pertama yang mensintesis satu sebatian pada tahun 1830an dan memanggilnya melamina. Minat komersial dan sintesis sebatian ini bermula pada tahun 1937. Kini melamina merupakan bahan penting dalam pengeluaran produk sintetik tahan haba di seluruh dunia.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melamina#cite_note-1">[2]</a></sup></p> <span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Melamine bergabung dengan </span><a style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 255, 102);" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Asid_sianurik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asid sianurik (tidak wujud)">asid sianurik</a><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"> untuk membentuk </span><a style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 255, 102);" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Melamina_sianurat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Melamina sianurat (tidak wujud)">melamina sianurat</a><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">, boleh mengakibatkan kes keracunan makanan seperti dalam Kes keracunan protein cina.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 255, 102);font-size:130%;" >kegunaan</span><br /><p style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Melamina digunakan dengan <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Formaldehida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Formaldehida (tidak wujud)">formaldehida</a> untuk membuat resin melamina, plastik tahan haba, dan busa melamina iaitu satu bahan pembersih polimer. Produk akhir termasuk kain, gam, dan pinggan mangkuk. Melamina adalah komponen utama dalam Pigmen Kuning 150, iaitu pewarna dalam dakwat dan plastik.</p> <span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Melamina juga digunakan sebagai baja tanaman kerana kandungan nitrogennya yang tinggi (lebih kurang 66.5% atau dua pertiga).</span><br /><br /><h2 style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"><span class="mw-headline">Kesehatan</span></h2> <p style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Melamina adalah bahan yang tidak dibenarkan di dalam semua makanan. Penambahan melamina dalam makanan adalah menyalahi undang-undang Malaysia di bawah <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Akta_Makanan_1983&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Akta Makanan 1983 (tidak wujud)">Akta Makanan 1983</a> dan <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peraturan-Peraturan_Makanan_1985&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peraturan-Peraturan Makanan 1985 (tidak wujud)">Peraturan-Peraturan Makanan 1985</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melamina#cite_note-5">[6]</a></sup></p> <p style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Kesan melamina secara langsung mengakibatkan iritasi apabila terhidu dan bersentuhan dengan kulit atau mata. Pengambilan melamina melalui makanan juga boleh mengakibatkan kerosakan pada sistem pembiakan dan pembentukkan batu karang dalam ginjal dan pundi kencing. Ini boleh mengakibatkan kegagalan ginjal terutamanya kepada bayi.</p>smansadahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12193993875633036156noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4616636997856140013.post-971557396001625442009-06-15T23:04:00.000-07:002009-06-15T23:09:19.096-07:00RESEP<h3 class="post-title"> <span style="color: rgb(255, 102, 102);">RESEP MASAKAN CINTA</span> </h3> <div style="text-align: justify; color: rgb(153, 255, 153); font-weight: bold; font-family: georgia;">Bahan:<br />1 pria sehat,<br />1 wanita sehat,<br />100% Komitmen,<br />2 pasang restu orang tua,<br />1 botol kasih sayang murni.<br /><br />BUMBU:<br />1 balok besar humor,<br />25 gr rekreasi,<br />1 bungkus doa,<br />2 sendok teh telpon-telponan,<br />Semuanya diaduk hingga merata dan mengembang.<br /><br />Tips:<br />Pilih pria dan wanita yang benar-benar matang dan seimbang.<br />- Jangan yang satu terlalu tua dan yang lainnya terlalu muda karena dapat mempengaruhi kelezatan (sebaiknya dibeli di toserba bernama TEMPAT IBADAH, walaupun agak jual mahal tapi mutunya terjamin.)<br />- Jangan beli di pasar yang bernama DISKOTIK atau PARTY karena walaupun modelnya bagus dan harum baunya tapi kadang menipu konsumen atau kadang menggunakan<br />zat pewarna yang bisa merusak kesehatan.<br />- Gunakan Kasih sayang cap"IMAN, HARAP & KASIH" yang telah mendapatkan penghargaan ISO dari Departemen Kesehatan dan Kerohanian.<br /><br />Cara Memasak:<br />- Pria dan Wanita dicuci bersih, buang semua masa lalunya sehingga tersisa niat yang murni.<br />- Siapkan loyang yang telah diolesi dengan komitmen dan restu orang tua secara merata.<br />- Masukkan niat yang murni ke dalam loyang dan panggang dengan api cinta, merata sekitar 30 menit di depan penghulu atau pendeta<br />- Biarkan di dalam loyang tadi dan sirami dengan semua bumbu di atas.<br />- Kue siap dinikmati.<br /><br />Catatan:<br /><br />Kue ini dapat dinikmati oleh pembuatnya seumur hidup dan paling enak dinikmati dalam keadaan kasih yang hangat. Tapi kalau sudah agak dingin, tambahkan lagi humor<br />segar secukupnya, rekreasi sesuai selera, serta beberapa potong doa kemudian dihangatkan lagi di oven bermerek "Tempat Ibadah" diatas api cinta.<br />Setelah mulai hangat, jangan lupa telepon-teleponan bila berjauhan.</div>smansadahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12193993875633036156noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4616636997856140013.post-47843260224643051432009-06-11T05:10:00.000-07:002009-06-11T05:28:11.542-07:00GURU IDEAL<p style="margin: 11.25pt 3.75pt 0.0001pt 11.25pt; text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center"><a name="Figur_Pendidik_Ideal"><b><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; color: red;">Figur Pendidik Ideal</span></b></a><span style=""></span><b><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p style="margin: 11.25pt 3.75pt 0.0001pt 11.25pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">oleh: Dra. Djauharah Bawazir, Psi, MPd</span><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="margin: 11.25pt 11.25pt 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">Berbicara tentang pendidik tidak dapat dilepaskan dari anak didik. Oleh karenannya, pada tulisan ini akan dibicarakan dua hal, yaitu anak didik dan pendidik. </span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="margin: 11.25pt 11.25pt 0.0001pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 150%; color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"><span style="">1.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">Anak sebagai Subyek Didik </span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="margin: 11.25pt 11.25pt 0.0001pt 29.25pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">Anak adalah calon Khalifah Allah</span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="margin: 5.25pt 11.25pt 0.0001pt 29.25pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Manusia di</span> <span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">dunia ini menurut l Qur'an adalah khalifah Allah di muka buki. Kata khalifah berakar pada kata Khafala, artinya menggantikan atau meneruskan (QS. 2:30)</span></span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; color: rgb(255, 255, 0);"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="margin: 5.25pt 11.25pt 0.0001pt 47.25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 150%; color: rgb(255, 255, 0);"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">Anak sebagai Abdi Allah</span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="margin: 5.25pt 11.25pt 0.0001pt 29.25pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; color: rgb(255, 255, 0);"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">Allah berfirman bahwa manusia dijadikan sebagai abdi Allah (QS. 51:56)</span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="margin: 5.25pt 11.25pt 0.0001pt 47.25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 150%; color: rgb(255, 255, 0);"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">Anak lahir dalam keadaan fitrah</span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="margin: 5.25pt 11.25pt 0.0001pt 47.25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 150%; color: rgb(255, 255, 0);"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">Sebagai Khalifah Allah, manusia dibekali dengan potensi-potensi yang memungkinkan dirinya mengemban tugas tersebut. Hal ini dalam AL Qur'an dijelaskan dalam Al Qur'an QS. 95:4-6</span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="margin: 5.25pt 11.25pt 0.0001pt 47.25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 150%; color: rgb(255, 255, 0);"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">Pembinaan fitrah</span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="margin: 5.25pt 11.25pt 0.0001pt 29.25pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; color: rgb(255, 255, 0);"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">Menjadi kewajiban para pendidik, untuk memelihara anak tetap menjaga sebaik-baik ciptaan dan memelihara supaya potensi baiknya terus berkembang serta mengusahakan perbaikan bila ternyata potensi jahatnya mulai muncul. Semua bentuk pengarahan dan bimbingan yang dilakukan oleh pendidik harus dilakukan dengan hati-hati dan sesuai dengan tahap-tahap perkembangan. </span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="margin: 11.25pt 11.25pt 5.25pt 83.25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 150%; color: rgb(255, 255, 0);"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"><span style="">2.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">Sifat Asasi Pendidik</span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="margin: 11.25pt 11.25pt 5.25pt 47.25pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; color: rgb(255, 255, 0);"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">Seorang pendidik perlu memiliki beberapa sifat pokok, yaitu: </span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="margin: 5.25pt 11.25pt 0.0001pt 0.3in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 150%; color: rgb(255, 255, 0);"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"><span style="">a.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">Berilmu</span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="margin: 5.25pt 11.25pt 0.0001pt 0.05in; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; color: rgb(255, 255, 0);"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">Seorang pendidik perlu memiliki ilmu tentang pokok-pokok pendidikan yang dibawa oleh syari'at Islam. Menguasai hukum halal dan haram, mengetahui prinsip-prinsip etika Islam, serta memahami secara global peraturan-peraturan Islam. Dengan mengetahui semua ini pendidik akan menjadi seorang yang bijak, meletakkan segala sesuatu pada tempat yang sebenarnya, mendidik anak pada pokok persyaratannya, dan memperbaiki dengan berpijak pada dasar-dasar yang kokoh dari ajaran Al Qur'an. Allah berfirman bahwa tidaklah sama antara orang-orang yang berilmu pengetahuan dengan yang tidak berilmu pengetahuan (QS. 39:9)</span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="margin: 5.25pt 11.25pt 0.0001pt 0.3in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 150%; color: rgb(255, 255, 0);"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"><span style="">b.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">Taqwa<br />Sifat penting lain yang harus dimiliki pendidik adalah taqwa, yaitu menjaga diri dari siksa Allah dengan mengerjakan amal saleh dan merasa takut kepada-Nya, baik secara sembunyi-sembunyi maupun terang-terangan, artinya mengerjakan segala perintah Allah dan meninggalkan larangan-Nya. Adapun ciri-ciri orang yang taqwa adalah: memiliki keyakinan yang kuat, selalu bersyukur atas apa yang dikaruniakan Allah ridha kepadanya walaupun berbentuk musibah, memiliki sifat memaafkan dan mengasihi </span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="margin: 5.25pt 11.25pt 0.0001pt 0.3in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 150%; color: rgb(255, 255, 0);"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"><span style="">c.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">Ikhlas</span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="margin: 5.25pt 11.25pt 0.0001pt 0.05in; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; color: rgb(255, 255, 0);"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">Sifat ikhlas adalah: Selalu meluruskan niat bahwa seluruh aktivitas pendidik yang dilakukannya, baik berupa perintah, larangan nasehat, pengawasan, dan hukuman adalah semata-mata karena dan untuk Allah Ta'ala. Tidak pamrih atas apa yang dilakukannya, artinya sama sekali tidak boleh menitipkan kepentingannya pada hasil pendidikan yang akan dicapai. Melaksanakan pendidikan dengan tidak disertai perasaan terpaksa. Semua langkah-langkah pendidikan harus dilakukan dengan lega dan ringan hati.<br />Dengan cara-cara tersebut seorang pendidik akan dapat melaksanakan pendidikan yang direncanakan, serta mengawasi anak secara terus menerus, disamping mengharapkan pahala dan keridhaan Allah. Ikhlas dalam perkataan dan perbuatan adalah sebagian dari asas Iman yang menjadi keharusan Islam.</span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="margin: 5.25pt 11.25pt 0.0001pt 0.3in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 150%; color: rgb(255, 255, 0);"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"><span style="">d.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">Santun<br />Sifat pokok lain yang menolong keberhasilan pendidik dalam tugas kependidikannya adalah sifat santun. Dengan sifat santun anak akan tertarik pada pendidiknya sebab anak akan memberikan tanggapan positif pada perkataannya. Dengan kesantunan pendidik anak akan berhias dengan akhlak yang terpuji, dan terhindar dari perangai yang tercela.<br />Ciri-ciri santun adalah: lembut dalam kata-kata, perintah, maupun larangan; penyayang terhadap sesamanya apalagi terhadap orang-orang yang lebih lemah dan orang-orang yang lebih tua; menjadi penolong pada saat orang lain memerlukan pertolongannya. </span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="margin: 5.25pt 11.25pt 0.0001pt 0.3in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 150%; color: rgb(255, 255, 0);"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"><span style="">e.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">Bertanggung Jawab<br />Rasa tanggung jawab penting sekali dalam pendidikan anak. Rasa tanggung jawab akan mendorong pendidik untuk mengawasi anak dan memperhatikannya, mengarahkan dan mengikutinya membiasakan, dan melatihnya. Rasa tanggung jawab menimbulkan keyakinan bahwa jika melalaikannya pada suatu ketika, secara bertahap si anak akan terjerumus pada jurang kerusakan. Oleh karenanya, maka sifat tanggung jawab harus dimiliki dan selalu ditingkatkan.</span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="margin: 5.25pt 11.25pt 0.0001pt 0.05in; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; color: rgb(255, 255, 0);"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">Adapun ciri-ciri tanggung jawab adalah: selalu mengupayakan langkah-langkah pendidikan; tabah dalam menghadapi hambatan dan tantangan pendidikan; selalu tenang dan mohon pertolongan kepada Allah; menyerahkan hasil usahanya pada keputusan Allah.</span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="margin: 5.25pt 11.25pt 0.0001pt 0.05in; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">Akhirnya dapat dikatakan bahwa figur seorang pendidik ideal adalah pendidik yang memiliki enam sifat asasi pendidik, kemudian dapat menerapkannya sesuai dengan fitrah anak untuk membawa anak menjadi khalifah sekaligus seorang abdi</span>.</span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"><o:p></o:p></span></p>smansadahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12193993875633036156noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4616636997856140013.post-62712817593069312192009-06-11T04:54:00.000-07:002009-06-11T05:03:28.632-07:00SMP<div style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(51, 204, 0);">MARS SMPN 4 DARANGDAN<br />Cip.Rully Maulana S,Pd<br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div></div><span style="color: rgb(51, 204, 0);">ayah bunda, izinkanlah,</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 204, 0);">kusambut hari penuh cerah,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 204, 0);">menuntut ilmu menggapai asa,</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 204, 0);">disekolah yang aku cinta................</span><br /><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 204, 0);">terimakasih sang kuasa, rahmat mu kini tlah menjelma................</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 204, 0);">sekolah kami SMP4, tegar menatap masa depan.........</span><br /><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 204, 0);">ibu, bapak guru..........</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 204, 0);">kami sayang padamu.............</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 204, 0);">bimbinglah kami ilmu, dan tuntun lah...........</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 204, 0);">menuju........................................</span><br /><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 204, 0);">keindahan,,,,,,,,,,,</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 204, 0);">ketegaran,,,,,,,,,,,,</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 204, 0);">menggapai masa depan............</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 204, 0);">demi bangsa,yang sentosa...............</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 204, 0);">demi indonesia...........................</span>smansadahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12193993875633036156noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4616636997856140013.post-26608915923848410112009-06-09T01:21:00.000-07:002009-06-09T01:31:43.812-07:00<br style="color: rgb(255, 102, 0);"><meta equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"><meta name="ProgId" content="Word.Document"><meta name="Generator" content="Microsoft Word 12"><meta name="Originator" content="Microsoft Word 12"><link style="color: rgb(255, 102, 0);" rel="File-List" href="file:///D:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CASALAM%7E1%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml"><link style="color: rgb(255, 102, 0);" rel="Edit-Time-Data" href="file:///D:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CASALAM%7E1%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_editdata.mso"><!--[if !mso]> <style> v\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);} o\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);} w\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);} .shape {behavior:url(#default#VML);} </style> 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0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";} </style> <![endif]--> <p style="color: rgb(255, 102, 0);" class="MsoNormal"><font style="" size="2" face=""">Kabupaten Purwakarta<o:p></o:p></font></p> <p style="color: rgb(255, 102, 0);" class="MsoNormal"><font style="" size="2" face=""">Dari Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas<o:p></o:p></font></p> <p style="color: rgb(255, 102, 0);" class="MsoNormal"><font style="" size="2" face=""">Langsung ke: <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabupaten_Purwakarta#column-one">navigasi</a>, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabupaten_Purwakarta#searchInput">cari</a><o:p></o:p></font></p> <p style="color: rgb(255, 102, 0);" class="MsoNormal"><font size="2"><b><i><font style="" face=""">Purwakarta</font></i></b><i><font style="" face="""> beralih ke halaman ini. Untuk kota yang bernama sama, lihat <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purwakarta_%28kota%29" title="Purwakarta (kota)">Purwakarta (kota)</a>. Untuk kegunaan lain, lihat <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purwakarta_%28disambiguasi%29" title="Purwakarta (disambiguasi)">Purwakarta (disambiguasi)</a>.</font></i></font><font style="" size="2" face="""><o:p></o:p></font></p> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="width: 232.5pt; margin-left: 12pt; color: rgb(255, 102, 0);" border="0" cellpadding="0" width="310"> <tbody><tr style=""> <td colspan="2" style="padding: 0.75pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font style="" size="2" face=""">Kabupaten Purwakarta<o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td colspan="2" color="-moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color gray" style="border-style: none none solid; padding: 0.75pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font style="" size="2" face="""><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkas:Lambang_Kab_Purwakarta.gif" title="Berkas:Lambang_Kab_Purwakarta.gif"><font style="text-decoration: none;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shapetype id="_x0000_t75" coordsize="21600,21600" spt="75" preferrelative="t" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" filled="f" stroked="f"> <v:stroke joinstyle="miter"> <v:formulas> <v:f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0"> <v:f eqn="sum @0 1 0"> <v:f eqn="sum 0 0 @1"> <v:f eqn="prod @2 1 2"> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelWidth"> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelHeight"> <v:f eqn="sum @0 0 1"> <v:f eqn="prod @6 1 2"> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelWidth"> <v:f eqn="sum @8 21600 0"> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelHeight"> <v:f eqn="sum @10 21600 0"> </v:formulas> <v:path extrusionok="f" gradientshapeok="t" connecttype="rect"> <o:lock ext="edit" aspectratio="t"> </v:shapetype><v:shape id="_x0000_i1027" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="Berkas:Lambang_Kab_Purwakarta.gif" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkas:Lambang_Kab_Purwakarta.gif" title=""Berkas:Lambang_Kab_Purwakarta.gif"" style="'width:76.5pt;" button="t"> <v:imagedata src="file:///D:\DOCUME~1\ASALAM~1\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.gif" href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/id/0/07/Lambang_Kab_Purwakarta.gif"> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--></font></a></font><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjm4wwKyOAxNn6TEmjtDAALhROxoBzemnH41CTw29UdRDMbeTZoVZ8TtFFCX6PX0zXmAI6__YDYV5MgWy8knyKM3TcP44A7RlVO6B8b6Bti-r3Np3V668btx8X48ocf2LAwah0yFbCXAj4/s1600-h/clip_image001.gif"><img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer; width: 102px; height: 139px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjm4wwKyOAxNn6TEmjtDAALhROxoBzemnH41CTw29UdRDMbeTZoVZ8TtFFCX6PX0zXmAI6__YDYV5MgWy8knyKM3TcP44A7RlVO6B8b6Bti-r3Np3V668btx8X48ocf2LAwah0yFbCXAj4/s320/clip_image001.gif" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5345241917345654210" border="0"></a><font style="" size="2" face="""><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkas:Lambang_Kab_Purwakarta.gif" title="Berkas:Lambang_Kab_Purwakarta.gif"><font style="text-decoration: none;"><!--[endif]--></font></a><br />Lambang Kabupaten </font><font style="" size="2" face=""">Purwakart</font><font style="" size="2" face=""">a<o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td colspan="2" color="-moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color gray" style="border-style: none none solid; padding: 0.75pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font style="" size="2" face="""><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkas:Locator_kabupaten_purwakarta.png" title="Berkas:Locator_kabupaten_purwakarta.png"><font style="text-decoration: none;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1026" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="Berkas:Locator_kabupaten_purwakarta.png" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkas:Locator_kabupaten_purwakarta.png" title=""Berkas:Locator_kabupaten_purwakarta.png"" style="'width:182.25pt;" button="t"> <v:imagedata src="file:///D:\DOCUME~1\ASALAM~1\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image002.png" href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/id/6/6a/Locator_kabupaten_purwakarta.png"> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]--></font></a><br />Peta lokasi Kabupaten Purwakarta<br /><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistem_koordinat_geografi" title="Sistem koordinat geografi">Koordinat</a> : 107<sup>o</sup>30'-107<sup>o</sup>40'</font><font style="" size="2" face=""">BT dan 6<sup>o</sup>25'-6<sup>o</sup>45'LS<o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td colspan="2" style="padding: 0.75pt;" valign="top"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font size="2"><i><font style="" face="""><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motto" title="Motto">Motto</a>:</font></i></font><font style="" size="2" face="""> Wibawa Kart</font><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3jb5pnOHGOAP3_tXgS9R3VPvoRtpXWgXJWJyfD1H_x7LO0fxZ0bDWMuXhfw2e4UE5RPkEoPvcZF5bAGVHBZZkKm-TYpTWqk8UkoL3fe_ARVYhyHSSMJTNL0LANev-kioFBXGRW8c1ynk/s1600-h/clip_image002.jpg"><img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer; width: 243px; height: 171px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3jb5pnOHGOAP3_tXgS9R3VPvoRtpXWgXJWJyfD1H_x7LO0fxZ0bDWMuXhfw2e4UE5RPkEoPvcZF5bAGVHBZZkKm-TYpTWqk8UkoL3fe_ARVYhyHSSMJTNL0LANev-kioFBXGRW8c1ynk/s320/clip_image002.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5345241922002423666" border="0"></a><font style="" size="2" face=""">a Raharja'<o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="padding: 0.75pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font size="2"><b><font style="" face="""><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinsi" title="Provinsi">Provinsi</a></font></b></font><font style="" size="2" face="""><o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font style="" size="2" face="""><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawa_Barat" title="Jawa Barat">Jawa Barat</a><o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="padding: 0.75pt;" valign="top"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font size="2"><b><font style="" face="""><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibu_kota" title="Ibu kota">Ibu kota</a></font></b></font><font style="" size="2" face="""><o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt;" valign="top"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font style="" size="2" face="""><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purwakarta" title="Purwakarta">Purwakarta</a><o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="padding: 0.75pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font size="2"><b><font style="" face=""">Luas</font></b></font><font style="" size="2" face="""><o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font style="" size="2" face=""">971,72 km²<o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="padding: 0.75pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font size="2"><b><font style="" face=""">Penduduk</font></b></font><font style="" size="2" face="""><o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font style="" size="2" face="""> <o:p></o:p></font></p> <font size="2"><br /></font></td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="padding: 0.75pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font style="" size="2" face="""> · Jumlah<o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font style="" size="2" face=""">782.362 jiwa (2005)<o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="padding: 0.75pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font style="" size="2" face="""> · Kepadatan<o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font style="" size="2" face=""">805 jiwa/km²<o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="padding: 0.75pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font size="2"><b><font style="" face=""">Pembagian administratif</font></b></font><font style="" size="2" face="""><o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font style="" size="2" face="""> <o:p></o:p></font></p> <br /></td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="padding: 0.75pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font style="" size="2" face="""> · <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kecamatan" title="Kecamatan">Kecamatan</a><o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font style="" size="2" face=""">17<o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="padding: 0.75pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font style="" size="2" face="""> · <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desa" title="Desa">Desa</a>/<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelurahan" title="Kelurahan">kelurahan</a><o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font style="" size="2" face=""">192<o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="padding: 0.75pt;" valign="top"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font size="2"><b><font style="" face=""">Dasar hukum</font></b></font><font style="" size="2" face="""><o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt;" valign="top"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font style="" size="2" face=""">UU No.4 Thn 1968 tentang Pembentukan Kab. Purwakarta dan Kab. Subang<o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="padding: 0.75pt;" valign="top"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font size="2"><b><font style="" face=""">Tanggal</font></b></font><font style="" size="2" face="""><o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt;" valign="top"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font style="" size="2" face=""">-<o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="padding: 0.75pt;" valign="top"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font size="2"><b><font style="" face=""">Hari jadi</font></b></font><font style="" size="2" face="""><o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt;" valign="top"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font style="" size="2" face=""">{{{hari jadi}}}</font></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="padding: 0.75pt;" valign="top"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font size="2"><b><font style="" face="""><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bupati" title="Bupati">Bupati</a></font></b></font><font style="" size="2" face="""><o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt;" valign="top"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font style="" size="2" face="""><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dedi_Mulyadi" title="Dedi Mulyadi">H Dedi Mulyadi, SH</a><o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="padding: 0.75pt;" valign="top"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font size="2"><b><font style="" face="""><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daftar_kode_telepon_di_Indonesia" title="Daftar kode telepon di Indonesia">Kode area telepon</a></font></b></font><font style="" size="2" face="""><o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt;" valign="top"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font style="" size="2" face=""">0264<o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="padding: 0.75pt;" valign="top"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font size="2"><b><font style="" face="""><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anggaran_Pendapatan_dan_Belanja_Daerah" title="Anggaran Pendapatan dan Belanja Daerah">APBD</a></font></b></font><font style="" size="2" face="""><o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt;" valign="top"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font style="" size="2" face=""">{{{apbd}}}<o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="padding: 0.75pt;" valign="top"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font size="2"><b><font style="" face="""><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dana_Alokasi_Umum" title="Dana Alokasi Umum">DAU</a></font></b></font><font style="" size="2" face="""><o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt;" valign="top"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font style="" size="2" face=""">Rp. 388.026.357.000,- (2008)<o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="padding: 0.75pt;" valign="top"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font size="2"><b><font style="" face="""><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suku_bangsa" title="Suku bangsa">Suku bangsa</a></font></b></font><font style="" size="2" face="""><o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt;" valign="top"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font style="" size="2" face=""">{{{suku bangsa</font><font style="" size="2" face=""">}}}<o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="padding: 0.75pt;" valign="top"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font size="2"><b><font style="" face="""><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa" title="Bahasa">Bahasa</a></font></b></font><font style="" size="2" face="""><o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt;" valign="top"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font style="" size="2" face=""">{{{bahasa}}}<o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="padding: 0.75pt;" valign="top"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font size="2"><b><font style="" face="""><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agama" title="Agama">Agama</a></font></b></font><font style="" size="2" face="""><o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt;" valign="top"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font style="" size="2" face=""">{{{agama}}}<o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="padding: 0.75pt;" valign="top"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font size="2"><b><font style="" face="""><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flora" title="Flora">Flora resmi</a></font></b></font><font style="" size="2" face="""><o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt;" valign="top"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font style="" size="2" face=""">{{{flora}}}<o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="padding: 0.75pt;" valign="top"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font size="2"><b><font style="" face="""><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fauna" title="Fauna">Fauna resmi</a></font></b></font><font style="" size="2" face="""><o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt;" valign="top"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font style="" size="2" face=""">{{{fauna}}}<o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="padding: 0.75pt;" valign="top"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font size="2"><b><font style="" face="""><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zona_waktu" title="Zona waktu">Zona waktu</a></font></b></font><font style="" size="2" face="""><o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt;" valign="top"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font style="" size="2" face=""">{{{zona waktu}}}</font></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="padding: 0.75pt;" valign="top"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font size="2"><b><font style="" face="""><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandar_Udara" title="Bandar Udara">Bandar udara</a></font></b></font><font style="" size="2" face="""><o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt;" valign="top"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font style="" size="2" face=""">{{{bandar udara}}}<o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td colspan="2" style="padding: 0.75pt;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><font style="" size="2" face="""> <hr align="center" size="2" width="100%"> </font></div> <p class="MsoNormal"><font style="" size="2" face=""">Situs web resmi: <a href="http://www.purwakarta.go.id/" title="http://www.purwakarta.go.id">http://www.purwakarta.go.id</a><o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> <p style="color: rgb(255, 102, 0);" class="MsoNormal"><font size="2"><b><font style="" face=""">Kabupaten Purwakarta</font></b></font><font style="" size="2" face=""">, adalah sebuah <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabupaten" title="Kabupaten">kabupaten</a> di <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinsi" title="Provinsi">Provinsi</a> <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawa_Barat" title="Jawa Barat">Jawa Barat</a>, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> terletak ±80 km sebelah timur <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a>. Kabupaten ini berbatasan dengan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabupaten_Karawang" title="Kabupaten Karawang">Kabupaten Karawang</a> di bagian <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barat" title="Barat">Barat</a> dan sebagian wilayah <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utara" title="Utara">Utara</a>, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabupaten_Subang" title="Kabupaten Subang">Kabupaten Subang</a> di bagian</font><font style="" size="2" face="""> Utara dan sebagian wilayah bagian <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timur" title="Timur">Timur</a>, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabupaten_Bandung" title="Kabupaten Bandung">Kabupaten Bandung</a> di bagian <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selatan" title="Selatan">Selatan</a>, dan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabupaten_Cianjur" title="Kabupaten Cianjur">Kabupaten Cianjur</a> di bagian <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barat_Daya" title="Barat Daya">Barat Daya</a>.<o:p></o:p></font></p> <p style="color: rgb(255, 102, 0);" class="MsoNormal"><font style="" size="2" face=""">Kabupaten Purwakarta berada pada titik-temu tiga koridor utama lalu-lintas yang sangat strategis, yaitu Purwakarta-Jakarta, Purwakarta-Bandung dan Purwakarta-<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kota_Cirebon" title="Kota Cirebon">Cirebon</a>.<o:p></o:p></font></p> <p style="color: rgb(255, 102, 0);" class="MsoNormal"><font style="" size="2" face=""">Luas wilayah Kabupaten Purwakarta adalah 971,72 km² atau sekira 2,81% dari luas wilayah Provinsi Jawa Barat berpenduduk 782.362 jiwa (Sensus penduduk tahun <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005" title="2005">2005</a>) dengan laju pertumbuhan penduduk rata-rata sebesar 2,42% per-tahun. Jumlah penduduk laki-laki adalah 391.061 jiwa, sedangkan jumlah penduduk perempuan adalah 391.301 jiwa.<o:p></o:p></font></p> <p style="color: rgb(255, 102, 0);" class="MsoNormal"><font style="" size="2" face=""">Kabupaten Purwakarta memiliki <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motto" title="Motto">motto</a> <b>Wibawa <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/-karta" title="-karta">Karta</a> Raharja</b>. "Wibawa" berarti berwibawa atau penuh kehormatan, "Karta" berarti ramai atau hidup, dan "Raharja' berarti keadaan sejahtera atau makmur. Sehingga “Wibawa Karta Raharja” dapat diartikan sebagai daerah yang terhormat/berwibawa, ramai/hidup, serta makmur atau sejahtera.<o:p></o:p></font></p> <p style="color: rgb(255, 102, 0);" class="MsoNormal"><font class="mw-headline" size="2"><font style="" face=""">Etimologi</font></font><font style="" size="2" face="""><o:p></o:p></font></p> <p style="color: rgb(255, 102, 0);" class="MsoNormal"><font style="" size="2" face=""">Purwakarta berasal dari suku kata "purwa" yang artinya permulaan dan "karta" yang berarti ramai atau hidup. Pemberian nama Purwakarta dilakukan setelah kepindahan ibukota Kabupaten Purwakarta dari Wanayasa ke Sindang Kasih.<o:p></o:p></font></p> <p style="color: rgb(255, 102, 0);" class="MsoNormal"><font style="" size="2" face=""">Peristiwa kepindahan ibukota kabupaten ini setiap tahunnya diperingati pada tanggal 20 Juli dengan melakukan napak tilas dari Wanayasa ke Sindang Kasih.<o:p></o:p></font></p> <p style="color: rgb(255, 102, 0);" class="MsoNormal"><font size="2"><a name="Sejarah_.5B1.5D"></a></font><font class="mw-headline" size="2"><font style="" face=""">Sejarah </font></font><font style="" size="2" face="""><o:p></o:p></font></p> <p style="color: rgb(255, 102, 0);" class="MsoNormal"><font size="2"><a name="Sebelum_penjajahan_Belanda"></a></font><font style="" size="2" face="""><font style=""> </font><font class="mw-headline">Sebelum penjajahan Belanda</font><o:p></o:p></font></p> <p style="color: rgb(255, 102, 0);" class="MsoNormal"><font style="" size="2" face=""">Keberadaan Purwakarta tidak terlepas dari sejarah perjuangan melawan pasukan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/VOC" title="VOC">VOC</a>. Sekitar awal abad ke-17 <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan">Sultan</a> <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mataram" title="Mataram">Mataram</a> mengirimkan pasukan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tentara" title="Tentara">tentara</a> yang dipimpin oleh Bupati <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surabaya" title="Surabaya">Surabaya</a> ke Jawa Barat. Salah satu tujuannya adalah untuk menundukkan Sultan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banten" title="Banten">Banten</a>. Tetapi dalam perjalanannya bentrok dengan pasukan VOC sehingga terpaksa mengundurkan diri.<o:p></o:p></font></p> <p style="color: rgb(255, 102, 0);" class="MsoNormal"><font style="" size="2" face=""">Setelah itu dikirimkan kembali ekspedisi kedua dari Pasukan Mataram di bawah pimpinan Dipati Ukur serta mengalami nasib yang sama pula. Untuk menghambat perluasan wilayah kekuasaan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kompeni" title="Kompeni">kompeni</a> (VOC), Sultan Mataram mengutus Penembahan Galuh (<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciamis" title="Ciamis">Ciamis</a>) bernama R.A.A. Wirasuta yang bergelar Adipati Panatayuda atau Adipati Kertabumi III untuk menduduki Rangkas Sumedang (Sebelah Timur <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citarum" title="Citarum">Citarum</a>). Selain itu juga mendirikan benteng pertahanan di Tanjungpura, Adiarsa, Parakansapi dan Kuta Tandingan. Setelah mendirikan benteng tersebut Adipati Kertabumi III kemudian kembali ke Galuh dan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wafat" title="Wafat">wafat</a>. Nama Rangkas Sumedang itu sendiri berubah menjadi Karawang karena kondisi daerahnya berawa-rawa (<i><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunda" title="Sunda">Sunda</a></i> <i>:</i> <i>"Karawaan"</i>).<o:p></o:p></font></p> <p style="color: rgb(255, 102, 0);" class="MsoNormal"><font style="" size="2" face=""">Sultan Agung Mataram kemudian mengangkat putera Adipati Kertabumi III, yakni Adipati Kertabumi IV menjadi Dalem (<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bupati" title="Bupati">Bupati</a>) di Karawang, pada Tahun 1656. Adipati Kertabumi IV ini juga dikenal sebagai Panembahan Singaperbangsa atau</font><font style="" size="2" face="""> Eyang Manggung, dengan ibu <st1:city st="on"><st1:place st="on">kota</st1:place></st1:city> di Udug-udug.<o:p></o:p></font></p> <p style="color: rgb(255, 102, 0);" class="MsoNormal"><font style="" size="2" face=""">Pada masa pemerintahan R. Anom Wirasuta putera Panembahan Singaperbangsa yang bergelar R.A.A. Panatayuda I antara Tahun 1679 dan 1721 ibu <st1:city st="on"><st1:place st="on">kota</st1:place></st1:city> Karawang dari Udug-udug pindah ke Karawang, dengan daerah kekuasaan meliputi wilayah antara Cihoe (Cibarusah) dan Cipunagara. Pemerintahan Kabupaten Karawang berakhir sekitar tahun 1811-1816 sebagai akibat dari peralihan penguasaan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindia-Belanda" title="Hindia-Belanda">Hindia-Belanda</a> dari Pemerintahan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belanda" title="Belanda">Belanda</a> kepada Pemerintahan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inggris" title="Inggris">Inggris</a>.<o:p></o:p></font></p> <p style="color: rgb(255, 102, 0);" class="MsoNormal"><font size="2"><a name="Masa_penjajahan_Belanda"></a></font><font style="" size="2" face="""><font style=""> </font><font class="mw-headline">Masa penjajahan Belanda</font><o:p></o:p></font></p> <p style="color: rgb(255, 102, 0);" class="MsoNormal"><font style="" size="2" face=""">Antara tahun 1819-1826 Pemerintahan Belanda melepaskan diri dari Pemerintahan Inggris yang ditandai dengan upaya pengembalian kewenangan dari para Bupati kepada <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gubernur_Jendral" title="Gubernur Jendral">Gubernur Jendral</a> <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.A.G.Ph._Baron_van_der_Capellen" title="G.A.G.Ph. Baron van der Capellen">Van Der Capellen</a>. Dengan demikian Kabupaten Karawang dihidupkan kembali sekitar tahun 1820, meliputi wilayah tanah yang terletak di sebelah Timur sungai Citarum/Cibeet dan sebelah Barat sungai Cipunagara.Dalam hal ini kecuali Onder Distrik Gandasoli, sekarang Kecamatan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plered" title="Plered">Plered</a> pada waktu itu termasuk Kabupaten Bandung. Sebagai Bupati I Kabupaten Karawang yang dihidupkan kembali diangkat R.A.A. Surianata dari <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogor" title="Bogor">Bogor</a> dengan gelar Dalem Santri yang kemudian memilih ibukota kabupaten di Wanayasa.<o:p></o:p></font></p> <p style="color: rgb(255, 102, 0);" class="MsoNormal"><font style="" size="2" face="""><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkas:Pendopo_Pwk.JPG" title="Pendopo Kabupaten Purwakarta"><font style="text-decoration: none;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1029" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkas:Pendopo_Pwk.JPG" title=""Pendopo Kabupaten Purwakarta"" style="'width:187.5pt;height:141pt'" button="t"> <v:imagedata src="file:///D:\DOCUME~1\ASALAM~1\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image004.jpg" href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/id/thumb/c/cf/Pendopo_Pwk.JPG/250px-Pendopo_Pwk.JPG"> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--></font></a></font><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwjgfj4rtxjrv3-zc7bYUFOEisQ0BjlQJvfDdm-hUjqFW_5go8aJ_DnMqg2LOy4LY1hvkTlZYLw9l4nQt-on9FZiXcA1hZQSKlCCP17hYHlUBUuvRPKNDi-Rsrk9UioSXQ1uJig3092DY/s1600-h/clip_image001.jpg"><img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer; width: 250px; height: 188px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwjgfj4rtxjrv3-zc7bYUFOEisQ0BjlQJvfDdm-hUjqFW_5go8aJ_DnMqg2LOy4LY1hvkTlZYLw9l4nQt-on9FZiXcA1hZQSKlCCP17hYHlUBUuvRPKNDi-Rsrk9UioSXQ1uJig3092DY/s320/clip_image001.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5345241920743403826" border="0"></a></p> <p style="color: rgb(255, 102, 0);" class="MsoNormal"><font style="" size="2" face="""><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkas:Pendopo_Pwk.JPG" title="Perbesar"><font style="text-decoration: none;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1028" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkas:Pendopo_Pwk.JPG" title=""Perbesar"" style="'width:11.25pt;height:8.25pt'" button="t"> <v:imagedata src="file:///D:\DOCUME~1\ASALAM~1\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image005.gif" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png"> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><br /><!--[endif]--></font></a><o:p></o:p></font></p> <p style="color: rgb(255, 102, 0);" class="MsoNormal"><font style="" size="2" face=""">Pendopo Kabupaten Purwakarta<o:p></o:p></font></p> <p style="color: rgb(255, 102, 0);" class="MsoNormal"><font style="" size="2" face=""">Pada masa pemerintahan Bupati R.A. Suriawinata atau Dalem Sholawat, pada tahun 1830 ibu kota dipindahkan dari Wanayasa ke Sindangkasih yang diresmikan berdasarkan besluit (surat keputusan) pemerintah kolonial tanggal 20 Juli 1831 nomor 2.<o:p></o:p></font></p> <p style="color: rgb(255, 102, 0);" class="MsoNormal"><font style="" size="2" face=""">Pembangunan dimulai antara lain dengan pengurugan rawa-rawa untuk pembuatan Situ Buleud, Pembuatan Gedung <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karesidenan" title="Karesidenan">Karesidenan</a>, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pendopo" title="Pendopo">Pendopo</a>, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesjid" title="Mesjid">Mesjid</a> Agung, Tangsi Tentara di Ceplak, termasuk membuat Solokan Gede, Sawah Lega dan Situ Kamojing. Pembangunan terus berlanjut sampai pemerintahan bupati berikutnya.<o:p></o:p></font></p> <p style="color: rgb(255, 102, 0);" class="MsoNormal"><font size="2"><a name="Masa_kemerdekaan"></a></font><font style="" size="2" face="""><font style=""> </font><font class="mw-headline">Masa kemerdekaan</font><o:p></o:p></font></p> <p style="color: rgb(255, 102, 0);" class="MsoNormal"><font style="" size="2" face=""">Kabupaten Karawang dengan ibukota Purwakarta berjalan sampai dengan tahun 1949. Pada tanggal 29 Januari 1949 dengan Surat Keputusan Wali Negeri Pasundan Nomor 12, Kabupaten Karawang dipecah dua yakni Karawang Bagian Timur menjadi Kabupaten Purwakarta dengan ibu kota di Subang dan Karawang Bagian Barat menjadi Kabupaten Karawang. Berdasarkan Undang-undang nomor 14 tahun 1950, tentang pembentukan daerah kabupaten dalam lingkungan Propinsi Jawa Barat, selanjutnya diatur penetapan Kabupaten Purwakarta, dengan ibu kota Purwakarta, yang meliputi Kewedanaan Subang, Sagalaherang, Pamanukan, Ciasem dan Purwakarta.<o:p></o:p></font></p> <p style="color: rgb(255, 102, 0);" class="MsoNormal"><font size="2"><a name="Pembagian_administratif"></a></font><font style="" size="2" face="""><font style=""> </font><font class="mw-headline">Pembagian administratif</font><o:p></o:p></font></p> <p style="color: rgb(255, 102, 0);" class="MsoNormal"><font style="" size="2" face=""">Pada tahun 1968, berdasarkan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undang-undang" title="Undang-undang">Undang-undang</a> No. 4 tahun 1968 tentang Pembentukan Kabupaten Purwakarta dan Kabupaten Subang SK Wali Negeri Pasundan diubah dan ditetapkan Pembentukan Kabupaten Purwakarta dengan Wilayah Kewedanaan Purwakarta di tambah dengan masing-masing dua desa dari Kabupaten Karawang dan Cianjur sehingga pada tahun 1968 Kabuapten Purwakarta hanya memiliki 4 kecamatan, yaitu Kecamatan Purwakarta, Plered, Wanayasa dan Campaka dengan jumlah desa sebanyak 70 desa. Untuk selanjutnya dilaksanakan penataan wilayah desa, kelurahan, pembentukan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemantren" title="Kemantren">kemantren</a> dan peningkatan status kemantren menjadi kecamatan yang mandiri. Maka saat itu Kabupaten Purwakarta memiliki wilayah: 183 <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desa" title="Desa">desa</a>, 9 <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelurahan" title="Kelurahan">kelurahan</a>, 8 kamantren dan 11 <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kecamatan" title="Kecamatan">kecamatan</a>. Berdasarkan perkembangan Kabupaten Purwakarta, pada tahun 1989 telah dikeluarkan Surat Keputusan Menteri Dalam Negeri Nomor: 821.26-672 tanggal 29 Agustus 1989 tentang lahirnya lembaga baru yang bernama Wilayah Kerja Pembantu Bupati Purwakarta Wilayah Purwakarta yang meliputi Wilayah Kecamatan Purwakarta, Kecamatan Jatiluhur, Kecamatan Campaka, Perwakilan Kecamatan Cibungur yang pusat kedudukan Pembantu Bupati Purwakarta berada di Purwakarta. Sedangkan wilayah kerja Pembantu Bupati Wilayah Plered meliputi wilayah Kecamatan Plered, Kecamatan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darangdan" title="Darangdan">Darangdan</a>, Kecamatan Tegalwaru, Kecamatan Maniis, Kecamatan Sukatani yang pusat kedudukan Pembantu Bupati Purwakarta berada di Plered. Wilayah kerja Pembantu Bupati Wilayah Wanayasa yang meliputi Kecamatan Wanayasa, Kecamatan Pasawahan, Kecamatan Bojong, Perwakilan Kecamatan Kiarapedes, Perwakilan Kecamatan Margasari, dan Perwakilan Kecamatan Parakansalam yang pusat kedudukan Pembantu Bupati Purwakarta Wilayah Wanayasa berada di Wanayasa yang telah diresmikan pada tangga 31 Januari 1990 oleh Wakil Gubernur Jawa Barat. Setelah diberlakukannya UU No. 22 tahun 1999 tentang <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemerintahan_Daerah" title="Pemerintahan Daerah">Pemerintahan Daerah</a>, serta dimulainya pelaksanaan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otonomi_Daerah" title="Otonomi Daerah">Otonomi Daerah</a> di Kabupaten Purwakarta tepatnya pada tanggal 1 Januari 2001. Serta melalui <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peraturan_Daerah" title="Peraturan Daerah">Peraturan Daerah</a> No. 22 tahun 2001, telah terjadi restrukturisasi organisasi pemerintahan di Kabupaten Purwakarta.<o:p></o:p></font></p> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="color: rgb(255, 102, 0);" border="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody><tr style=""> <td style="padding: 0.75pt; background: rgb(204, 255, 204) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font size="2"><b><font style="" face=""">No<o:p></o:p></font></b></font></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt; background: rgb(204, 255, 204) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font size="2"><b><font style="" face=""">Kecamatan<o:p></o:p></font></b></font></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt; background: rgb(204, 255, 204) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font size="2"><b><font style="" face=""">Jumlah Kel/Desa<o:p></o:p></font></b></font></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt; background: rgb(204, 255, 204) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font size="2"><b><font style="" face=""">Luas Wilayah<o:p></o:p></font></b></font></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt; background: rgb(204, 255, 204) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font size="2"><b><font style="" face=""">Jumlah Penduduk<o:p></o:p></font></b></font></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="padding: 0.75pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font style="" size="2" face=""">1<o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font style="" size="2" face="""><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babakancikao,_Purwakarta" title="Babakancikao, Purwakarta">Babakan Cikao</a><o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font style="" size="2" face=""">9<o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font style="" size="2" face=""">42,40 km²<o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font style="" size="2" face=""">38.590 jiwa<o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="padding: 0.75pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font style="" size="2" face=""">2<o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font style="" size="2" face="""><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bojong,_Purwakarta" title="Bojong, Purwakarta">Bojong</a><o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font style="" size="2" face=""">14<o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font style="" size="2" face=""">68,69 km²<o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font style="" size="2" face=""">43.606 jiwa<o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="padding: 0.75pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font style="" size="2" face=""">3<o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font style="" size="2" face="""><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bungursari,_Purwakarta" title="Bungursari, Purwakarta">Bungursari</a><o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font style="" size="2" face=""">10<o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font style="" size="2" face=""">54,66 km²<o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font style="" size="2" face=""">39.576 jiwa<o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="padding: 0.75pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font style="" size="2" face=""">4<o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font style="" size="2" face="""><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campaka,_Purwakarta" title="Campaka, Purwakarta">Campaka</a><o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font style="" size="2" face=""">10<o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font style="" size="2" face=""">43,60 km²<o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font style="" size="2" face=""">34.418 jiwa<o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="padding: 0.75pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font style="" size="2" face=""">5<o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font style="" size="2" face="""><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cibatu,_Purwakarta" title="Cibatu, Purwakarta">Cibatu</a><o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font style="" size="2" face=""">10<o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font style="" size="2" face=""">56,50 km²<o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font style="" size="2" face=""">25.769 jiwa<o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="padding: 0.75pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font style="" size="2" face=""">6<o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font style="" size="2" face="""><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darangdan" title="Darangdan">Darangdan</a><o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font style="" size="2" face=""">15<o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font style="" size="2" face=""">67,39 km²<o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font style="" size="2" face=""">57.132 jiwa<o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="padding: 0.75pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font style="" size="2" face=""">7<o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font style="" size="2" face="""><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jatiluhur,_Jatiluhur,_Purwakarta" title="Jatiluhur, Jatiluhur, Purwakarta">Jatiluhur</a><o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font style="" size="2" face=""">10<o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font style="" size="2" face=""">60,11 km²<o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font style="" size="2" face=""">56.855 jiwa<o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="padding: 0.75pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font style="" size="2" face=""">8<o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font style="" size="2" face="""><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiarapedes,_Purwakarta" title="Kiarapedes, Purwakarta">Kiara Pedes</a><o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font style="" size="2" face=""">10<o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font style="" size="2" face=""">52,16 km²<o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font style="" size="2" face=""">24.870 jiwa<o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="padding: 0.75pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font style="" size="2" face=""">9<o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font style="" size="2" face="""><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maniis,_Purwakarta" title="Maniis, Purwakarta">Maniis</a><o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font style="" size="2" face=""">8<o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font style="" size="2" face=""">71,64 km²<o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font style="" size="2" face=""">28.748 jiwa<o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="padding: 0.75pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font style="" size="2" face=""">10<o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font style="" size="2" face="""><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasawahan,_Purwakarta" title="Pasawahan, Purwakarta">Pasawahan</a><o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font style="" size="2" face=""">12<o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font style="" size="2" face=""">36,96 km²<o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font style="" size="2" face=""">38.219 jiwa<o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="padding: 0.75pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font style="" size="2" face=""">11<o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font style="" size="2" face="""><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plered,_Purwakarta" title="Plered, Purwakarta">Plered</a><o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font style="" size="2" face=""">16<o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font style="" size="2" face=""">31,48 km²<o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font style="" size="2" face=""">67.837 jiwa<o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="padding: 0.75pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font style="" size="2" face=""">12<o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font style="" size="2" face="""><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pondoksalam,_Purwakarta" title="Pondoksalam, Purwakarta">Pondok Salam</a><o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font style="" size="2" face=""">11<o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font style="" size="2" face=""">44,08 km²<o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font style="" size="2" face=""">26.478 jiwa<o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="padding: 0.75pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font style="" size="2" face=""">13<o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font style="" size="2" face="""><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purwakarta,_Purwakarta" title="Purwakarta, Purwakarta">Purwakarta</a><o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font style="" size="2" face=""">10<o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font style="" size="2" face=""">24,83 km²<o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font style="" size="2" face=""">143.760 jiwa<o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="padding: 0.75pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font style="" size="2" face=""">14<o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font style="" size="2" face="""><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukasari,_Purwakarta" title="Sukasari, Purwakarta">Sukasari</a><o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font style="" size="2" face=""">5<o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font style="" size="2" face=""">92,01 km²<o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font style="" size="2" face=""">14.262 jiwa<o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="padding: 0.75pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font style="" size="2" face=""">15<o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font style="" size="2" face="""><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukatani,_Purwakarta" title="Sukatani, Purwakarta">Sukatani</a><o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font style="" size="2" face=""">14<o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font style="" size="2" face=""">95,43 km²<o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font style="" size="2" face=""">60.796 jiwa<o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="padding: 0.75pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font style="" size="2" face=""">16<o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font style="" size="2" face="""><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tegalwaru,_Purwakarta" title="Tegalwaru, Purwakarta">Tegalwaru</a><o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font style="" size="2" face=""">13<o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font style="" size="2" face=""">73,23 km²<o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font style="" size="2" face=""">43.923 jiwa<o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="padding: 0.75pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font style="" size="2" face=""">17<o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font style="" size="2" face="""><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wanayasa,_Purwakarta" title="Wanayasa, Purwakarta">Wanayasa</a><o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font style="" size="2" face=""">15<o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font style="" size="2" face=""">56,55 km²<o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font style="" size="2" face=""">37.523 jiwa<o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> <p style="color: rgb(255, 102, 0);" class="MsoNormal"><font size="2"><a name="Iklim"></a></font><font style="" size="2" face="""><font style=""> </font><font class="mw-headline">Iklim</font><o:p></o:p></font></p> <p style="color: rgb(255, 102, 0);" class="MsoNormal"><font style="" size="2" face=""">Kondisi iklim di Kabupaten Purwakarta termasuk pada zona iklim <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropis" title="Tropis">tropis</a>, dengan rata-rata curah <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hujan" title="Hujan">hujan</a> 3.093 mm/tahun dan terbagi ke dalam 2 wilayah zona hujan, yaitu: zona dengan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suhu" title="Suhu">suhu</a> berkisar antara 22<sup>o</sup>-28<sup>o</sup>C dan zona dengan suhu berkisar 17<sup>o</sup>-26<sup>o</sup>C.<o:p></o:p></font></p> <p style="color: rgb(255, 102, 0);" class="MsoNormal"><font size="2"><a name="Topografi"></a></font><font style="" size="2" face="""><font style=""> </font><font class="mw-headline">Topografi</font><o:p></o:p></font></p> <p style="color: rgb(255, 102, 0);" class="MsoNormal"><font size="2"><b><font style="" face=""">Wilayah <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pegunungan" title="Pegunungan">Pegunungan</a></font></b></font><font style="" size="2" face=""">. Wilayah ini terletak di tenggara dengan ketinggian 1.100 sd 2.036 M DPL, meliputi 29,73% dari total luas wilayah.<o:p></o:p></font></p> <p style="color: rgb(255, 102, 0);" class="MsoNormal"><font size="2"><b><font style="" face=""">Wilayah <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perbukitan" title="Perbukitan">Perbukitan</a> dan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danau" title="Danau">Danau</a></font></b></font><font style="" size="2" face=""">. Wilayah ini terletak di barat laut dengan ketinggian 500 sd 1.000 M DPL, meliputi 33,8% dari total luas wilayah.<o:p></o:p></font></p> <p style="color: rgb(255, 102, 0);" class="MsoNormal"><font size="2"><b><font style="" face=""">Wilayah Daratan</font></b></font><font style="" size="2" face=""">. Wilayah ini terletak di utara dengan ketinggian 35 sd 499 M DPL, meliputi 36,47% dari total luas wilayah.<o:p></o:p></font></p> <p style="color: rgb(255, 102, 0);" class="MsoNormal"><font size="2"><a name="Geologi"></a></font><font style="" size="2" face="""><font style=""> </font><font class="mw-headline">Geologi</font><o:p></o:p></font></p> <p style="color: rgb(255, 102, 0);" class="MsoNormal"><font style="" size="2" face=""">Terdiri dari <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batuan_sedimen" title="Batuan sedimen">batuan sedimen</a> klasik berupa batu <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasir" title="Pasir">pasir</a>, batu gamping, batu lempung, batu <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulkanik" title="Vulkanik">vulkanik</a>. Jenis tanah yang ada terdiri dari aluvial, latosol, andosol, grumosol, podsolik dan regosol.<o:p></o:p></font></p> <p style="color: rgb(255, 102, 0);" class="MsoNormal"><font size="2"><a name="Transportasi"></a></font><font style="" size="2" face="""><font style=""> </font><font class="mw-headline"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transportasi" title="Transportasi">Transportasi</a></font><o:p></o:p></font></p> <p style="color: rgb(255, 102, 0);" class="MsoNormal"><font style="" size="2" face="""><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trayek_angkutan" title="Trayek angkutan">Trayek</a> <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bus_%28transportasi%29" title="Bus (transportasi)">bus</a> umum yang melintasi Kabupaten Purwakarta antara lain tujuan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a>, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandung" title="Bandung">Bandung</a>, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogor" title="Bogor">Bogor</a>, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bekasi" title="Bekasi">Bekasi</a>, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karawang" title="Karawang">Karawang</a>, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cilegon" title="Cilegon">Cilegon</a>, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasikmalaya" title="Tasikmalaya">Tasikmalaya</a>, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garut" title="Garut">Garut</a>, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumedang" title="Sumedang">Sumedang</a>, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirebon" title="Cirebon">Cirebon</a> dan kota-kota di <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawa_Tengah" title="Jawa Tengah">Jawa Tengah</a>, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yogyakarta" title="Yogyakarta">Yogyakarta</a> dan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawa_Timur" title="Jawa Timur">Jawa Timur</a>. Di samping itu terdapat pula moda angkutan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kereta_api" title="Kereta api">kereta api</a> yang melayani tujuan Jakarta, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stasiun_Bandung" title="Stasiun Bandung">Bandung</a>, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semarang" title="Semarang">Semarang</a>, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stasiun_Karawang&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Stasiun Karawang (halaman belum tersedia)">Karawang</a>, dan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stasiun_Bekasi" title="Stasiun Bekasi">Bekasi</a>.<o:p></o:p></font></p> <p style="color: rgb(255, 102, 0);" class="MsoNormal"><font style="" size="2" face=""">Bagi masyarakat yang bermukim di sekeliling <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waduk_Jatiluhur" title="Waduk Jatiluhur">Waduk Jatiluhur</a>, moda transportasi yang biasa digunakan adalah <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapal" title="Kapal">kapal</a> berukuran kecil (dibawah 7 GT).<o:p></o:p></font></p> <p style="color: rgb(255, 102, 0);" class="MsoNormal"><font style="" size="2" face=""">Wilayah Purwakarta dilintasi oleh ruas <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalan_tol" title="Jalan tol">Jalan Tol</a> Jakarta-Cikampek dan ruas Jalan Tol Cikampek-Purwakarta-Padalarang (Cipularang). Gerbang Tol yang berada di wilayah Kabupaten Purwakarta adalah di Cikopo (Cikampek), Sadang dan Jatiluhur. Namun demikian di Kabupaten Purwakarta tidak terdapat satupun <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminal_bus" title="Terminal bus">terminal bus</a> yang memiliki fasilitas yang memadai.<o:p></o:p></font></p> <p style="color: rgb(255, 102, 0);" class="MsoNormal"><font size="2"><a name="Obyek_wisata"></a></font><font style="" size="2" face="""><font style=""> </font><font class="mw-headline">Obyek wisata</font><o:p></o:p></font></p> <p style="color: rgb(255, 102, 0);" class="MsoNormal"><font size="2"><a name="Wisata_alam"></a></font><font class="mw-headline" size="2"><font style="" face=""">Wisata alam</font></font><font style="" size="2" face="""><o:p></o:p></font></p> <p style="color: rgb(255, 102, 0);" class="MsoNormal"><font size="2"><b><font style="" face=""">Waduk Jatiluhur</font></b></font><font style="" size="2" face=""">, dengan luas 8.300 ha terletak ±9 km dari <st1:city st="on"><st1:place st="on">kota</st1:place></st1:city> Purwakarta menawarkan sarana rekreasi dan olahraga air yang lengkap dan menarik seperti : dayung, selancar angin, ski air, power boating, perahu layar, dan kapal pesiar. Fasilitas yang tersedia adalah <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotel" title="Hotel">hotel</a> dan bungalow, bar dan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restoran" title="Restoran">restoran</a>, lapangan tenis, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolam_renang" title="Kolam renang">kolam renang</a> dengan <i>water slide</i>, gedung pertemuan dan playground. Bagi wisata remaja, tersedia pondok remaja serta lahan yang cukup luas untuk kegiatan <i>outbond</i> dan perkemahan yang letaknya diperbukitan diteduhi pepohonan. Di perairan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waduk" title="Waduk">Waduk</a> Jatiluhur ini juga terdapat budi daya ikan keramba jaring apung yang menjadi daya tarik tersendiri. Di waktu siang atau malam kita dapat <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memancing" title="Memancing">memancing</a> sambil menikmati ikan bakar. Khusus untuk <i>educational tourism</i>, yang ingin mengetahui seluk beluk waduk ini, Perum Jasa Tirta II menyediakan tenaga ahli.<o:p></o:p></font></p> <p style="color: rgb(255, 102, 0);" class="MsoNormal"><font size="2"><b><font style="" face=""">Danau Cirata</font></b></font><font style="" size="2" face=""">, dengan luas 62 km2 berada pada ketinggian 223 m DPL dikelilingi oleh perbukitan. Jika melakukan perjalanan dari kota Purwakarta melalui Plered, akan tiba di Cirata dalam waktu ±40 menit dengan jarak sejauh 15 km. Dalam perjalanan akan melewati pusat perdagangan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peuyeum" title="Peuyeum">peuyeum</a> Bendul dan Sentra <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industri" title="Industri">Industri</a> <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keramik" title="Keramik">Keramik</a> Plered disamping menikmati keindahan alam di sepanjang jalan Plered-Cirata.<o:p></o:p></font></p> <p style="color: rgb(255, 102, 0);" class="MsoNormal"><font size="2"><b><font style="" face="""><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danau_Wanayasa" title="Danau Wanayasa">Situ Wanayasa</a></font></b></font><font style="" size="2" face="""> adalah danau alam yang berada pada ketinggian 600 m DPL dengan luas 7 ha, terletak ±23 km dari <st1:city st="on"><st1:place st="on">kota</st1:place></st1:city> Purwakarta dengan udara yang sejuk berlatar belakang <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunung_Burangrang" title="Gunung Burangrang">Gunung Burangrang</a>.<o:p></o:p></font></p> <p style="color: rgb(255, 102, 0);" class="MsoNormal"><font size="2"><b><font style="" face=""">Sumber Air Panas Ciracas</font></b></font><font style="" size="2" face=""">. Terletak ±8 km dari Situ Wanayasa berlokasi di kaki bukit dikelilingi oleh pepohonan dan hamparan sawah dengan udara yang sejuk. Terdapat sekitar 12 titik sumber mata air panas.<o:p></o:p></font></p> <p style="color: rgb(255, 102, 0);" class="MsoNormal"><font size="2"><b><font style="" face="""><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_terjun" title="Air terjun">Air terjun</a> Curug Cipurut</font></b></font><font style="" size="2" face="""> dapat ditempuh dengan berjalan kaki sepanjang ± 3 km ke arah Selatan <st1:city st="on"><st1:place st="on">kota</st1:place></st1:city> Wanayasa, merupakan tempat yang nyaman untuk rekreasi baik <i>hiking</i> maupun <i>camping ground</i>. Berada pada ketinggian 750 m DPL.<o:p></o:p></font></p> <p style="color: rgb(255, 102, 0);" class="MsoNormal"><font size="2"><b><font style="" face=""">Gunung Parang</font></b></font><font style="" size="2" face="""> adalah obyek wisata alam yang menyediakan sarana untuk <i>rock climbing</i>. Terletak 28 km dari <st1:city st="on"><st1:place st="on">kota</st1:place></st1:city> Purwakarta berada pada ketinggian 983 m DPL.<o:p></o:p></font></p> <p style="color: rgb(255, 102, 0);" class="MsoNormal"><font size="2"><b><font style="" face="""><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gua" title="Gua">Gua</a> Jepang</font></b></font><font style="" size="2" face="""> berlokasi ±28 Km dari <st1:city st="on"><st1:place st="on">kota</st1:place></st1:city> Purwakarta, memiliki ketinggian sekitar 700 m DPL, dikelilingi perkebunan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teh" title="Teh">teh</a>, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tusam" title="Tusam">pohon pinus</a>, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cengkeh" title="Cengkeh">cengkeh</a>, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manggis" title="Manggis">manggis</a> dan termasuk dalam kawasan puncak Gunung Burangrang. Gua Jepang merupakan gua buatan yang dibangun oleh Jepang (<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romusha" title="Romusha">Romusha</a>) sekira tahun 1943 untuk digunakan sebagai tempat persembunyian.<o:p></o:p></font></p> <p style="color: rgb(255, 102, 0);" class="MsoNormal"><font size="2"><b><font style="" face=""">Desa Wisata Bojong</font></b></font><font style="" size="2" face="""> terletak di Desa Pasanggrahan Kecamatan Bojong ±35 km dari Kota Purwakarta, berada pada ketinggian ±650 m DPL dikelilingi pepohonan, bukit, hamparan sawah, pemandangan alam Gunung Burangrang dan areal perkebunan rakyat.<o:p></o:p></font></p> <p style="color: rgb(255, 102, 0);" class="MsoNormal"><font size="2"><b><font style="" face=""">Situ Buleud</font></b></font><font style="" size="2" face=""">, adalah danau seluas 4 ha berbentuk bulat yang terletak di tengah <st1:city st="on"><st1:place st="on">kota</st1:place></st1:city> Purwakarta. Situ buleud merupakan <i>landmark</i> Purwakarta. Konon Situ Buleud tempo dulu merupakan tempat "pangguyangan" (mandi/berendam) <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badak" title="Badak">badak</a>, kemudian pada masa pemerintahan kolonial Belanda dijadikan sebagai tempat peristirahatan. Kini Situ Buleud menjadi tempat rekreasi dan olah raga bagi penduduk Purwakarta.<o:p></o:p></font></p> <p style="color: rgb(255, 102, 0);" class="MsoNormal"><font size="2"><a name="Wisata_budaya"></a></font><font style="" size="2" face="""><font style=""> </font><font class="mw-headline">Wisata budaya</font><o:p></o:p></font></p> <p style="color: rgb(255, 102, 0);" class="MsoNormal"><font size="2"><b><font style="" face=""">Gedung Negara</font></b></font><font style="" size="2" face=""">, dibangun tahun 1854 pada masa kolonial Belanda dengan <st1:city st="on"><st1:place st="on">gaya</st1:place></st1:city> arsitektur <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eropa" title="Eropa">Eropa</a>. Kini Gedung Negara menjadi Kantor Bupati Purwakarta.<o:p></o:p></font></p> <p style="color: rgb(255, 102, 0);" class="MsoNormal"><font size="2"><b><font style="" face=""">Gedung Karesidenan</font></b></font><font style="" size="2" face=""">, seusia dengan Gedung Negara dibangun pada zaman pemerintahan kolonial Belanda. Kini menjadi Kantor Badan Koordinasi Wilayah IV terletak di Jalan KK. Singawinata.<o:p></o:p></font></p> <p style="color: rgb(255, 102, 0);" class="MsoNormal"><font size="2"><b><font style="" face=""">Mesjid Agung</font></b></font><font style="" size="2" face=""">, terletak di samping Gedung Negara dibangun pada tahun 1826 pada masa kolonial Belanda. Mesjid ini mulai dipugar pada tahun 1993 dengan tetap mempertahankan bentuk asli dan nilai sejarahnya, kemudian diresmikan oleh Gubernur Jawa Barat pada tahun 1995.<o:p></o:p></font></p> <p style="color: rgb(255, 102, 0);" class="MsoNormal"><font size="2"><b><font style="" face=""">Sentra Industri Keramik Plered</font></b></font><font style="" size="2" face=""">, terletak di Desa Anjun ±13 km dari <st1:city st="on"><st1:place st="on">kota</st1:place></st1:city> Purwakarta. Industri ini diperkirakan sudah ada sejak tahun 1904 menghasilkan keramik berkualitas diekspor ke manca negara antara lain <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jepang" title="Jepang">Jepang</a>, <st1:place st="on"><st1:city st="on">Belanda</st1:city>, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>, dan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapura" title="Singapura">Singapura</a>. Jenis keramik yang dihasilkan antara lain gerabah, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terakota" title="Terakota">terakota</a> dan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porselen" title="Porselen">porselen</a>.<o:p></o:p></st1:place></font></p> <p style="color: rgb(255, 102, 0);" class="MsoNormal"><font size="2"><b><font style="" face=""">Industri Kain <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songket" title="Songket">Songket</a></font></b></font><font style="" size="2" face=""">, diproduksi oleh PT. Sinar sejak tahun 1956 untuk di <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekspor" title="Ekspor">ekspor</a> ke <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a> dan konsumsi dalam negeri.<o:p></o:p></font></p> <p style="color: rgb(255, 102, 0);" class="MsoNormal"><font style="" size="2" face=""">Kesenian <b>Buncis</b> dan <b>Domyak</b> merupakan kesenian khas Purwakarta disamping <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayang_golek" title="Wayang golek">wayang golek</a>, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siter_dan_celempung" title="Siter dan celempung">celempungan</a>, tari-tarian, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degung" title="Degung">degung</a>, ketuk tilu, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaipongan" title="Jaipongan">jaipongan</a>, tungbrung, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reog_%28Sunda%29" title="Reog (Sunda)">reog</a>, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calung" title="Calung">calung</a> dan kesenian-kesenian daerah lainnya.<o:p></o:p></font></p> <p style="color: rgb(255, 102, 0);" class="MsoNormal"><font size="2"><a name="Wisata_Ziarah"></a></font><font class="mw-headline" size="2"><font style="" face=""">Wisata Ziarah</font></font><font style="" size="2" face="""><o:p></o:p></font></p> <p style="color: rgb(255, 102, 0);" class="MsoNormal"><font size="2"><b><font style="" face="""><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makam" title="Makam">Makam</a> RA. Suriawinata</font></b></font><font style="" size="2" face=""">. Seorang pendiri <st1:city st="on"><st1:place st="on">kota</st1:place></st1:city> Purwakarta yang meninggal tahun 1827, beliau merupakan Bupati Karawang ke-9 dimakamkan di tengah Situ Wanayasa.<o:p></o:p></font></p> <p style="color: rgb(255, 102, 0);" class="MsoNormal"><font size="2"><b><font style="" face=""">Makam Baing Yusuf</font></b></font><font style="" size="2" face="""> adalah makam Syech Baing Yusuf yang meninggal pada tahun 1856 terletak di belakang Mesjid Agung Purwakarta. Ia merupakan seorang ulama besar pada zamannya bermukim di Kaum (Paimbaran Mesjid Agung) Purwakarta dan mendirikan pondok pesantren.<o:p></o:p></font></p> <p style="color: rgb(255, 102, 0);" class="MsoNormal"><font size="2"><b><font style="" face=""">Makam Mama Sempur</font></b></font><font style="" size="2" face=""">. KH. TB. Ahmad Bakri atau lebih dikenal dengan Mama Sempur adalah seorang ulama besar pada zamannya yang wafat tahun 1975 pada usia 128 tahun, dimakamkan di Desa Sempur Kecamatan Plered, sekitar 16 Km dari kota Purwakarta.<o:p></o:p></font></p> <p style="color: rgb(255, 102, 0);" class="MsoNormal"><font size="2"><a name="Wisata_Kuliner"></a></font><font style="" size="2" face="""><font style=""> </font><font class="mw-headline">Wisata Kuliner</font><o:p></o:p></font></p> <p style="color: rgb(255, 102, 0);" class="MsoNormal"><font style="" size="2" face=""">Makanan khas Purwakarta adalah <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sate_Maranggi" title="Sate Maranggi">Sate Maranggi</a>, yang membedakan dengan sate lainnya adalah bumbu kecapnya yang diolah hingga memilki cita rasa unik-asam, manis, pedas. Disamping sate maranggi, rumah-rumah makan khas Sunda yang menyajikan ikan bakar, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pepes" title="Pepes">pepes</a>, ayam goreng lengkap dengan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sambal" title="Sambal">sambal</a> dadakan juga banyak terdapat di Purwakarta.<o:p></o:p></font></p> <p style="color: rgb(255, 102, 0);" class="MsoNormal"><font style="" size="2" face=""">Oleh-oleh khas Purwakarta adalah simping, peuyeum Bendul, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gula" title="Gula">gula</a> aren Cikeris, manisan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pala" title="Pala">pala</a>, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teh_hijau" title="Teh hijau">teh hijau</a>, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colenak" title="Colenak">colenak</a>, dan opak.<o:p></o:p></font></p> <p style="color: rgb(255, 102, 0);" class="MsoNormal"><font size="2"><a name="Daftar_Bupati"></a></font><font style="" size="2" face="""><font style=""> </font><font class="mw-headline">Daftar Bupati</font><o:p></o:p></font></p> <div style="color: rgb(255, 102, 0);" align="center"> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="border: medium none ; background: rgb(249, 249, 249) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; border-collapse: collapse;" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"> <tbody><tr style=""> <td style="padding: 3pt; background: rgb(204, 255, 204) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font size="2"><b><font style="" face=""">No<o:p></o:p></font></b></font></p> </td> <td style="padding: 3pt; background: rgb(204, 255, 204) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font size="2"><b><font style="" face=""">B u p a t i<o:p></o:p></font></b></font></p> </td> <td style="padding: 3pt; background: rgb(204, 255, 204) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font size="2"><b><font style="" face=""">Wakil Bupati<o:p></o:p></font></b></font></p> </td> <td style="padding: 3pt; background: rgb(204, 255, 204) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font size="2"><b><font style="" face=""">Dari<o:p></o:p></font></b></font></p> </td> <td style="padding: 3pt; background: rgb(204, 255, 204) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font size="2"><b><font style="" face=""">Sampai<o:p></o:p></font></b></font></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="padding: 3pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font style="" size="2" face=""">1<o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> <td style="padding: 3pt; color: rgb(255, 102, 0);"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font style="" size="2" face=""">HS Ronggowaluyo<o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> <td style="padding: 3pt; color: rgb(255, 102, 0);"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font style="" size="2" face=""">-<o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> <td style="padding: 3pt; color: rgb(255, 102, 0);"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font style="" size="2" face=""">1968<o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> <td style="padding: 3pt; color: rgb(255, 102, 0);"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font style="" size="2" face=""">1969<o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="padding: 3pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font style="" size="2" face=""">2<o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> <td style="padding: 3pt; color: rgb(255, 102, 0);"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font style="" size="2" face=""">Kol Inf RA Muchtar<o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> <td style="padding: 3pt; color: rgb(255, 102, 0);"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font style="" size="2" face=""">-<o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> <td style="padding: 3pt; color: rgb(255, 102, 0);"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font style="" size="2" face=""">1969<o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> <td style="padding: 3pt; color: rgb(255, 102, 0);"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font style="" size="2" face=""">1979<o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="padding: 3pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font style="" size="2" face=""">3<o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> <td style="padding: 3pt; color: rgb(255, 102, 0);"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font style="" size="2" face=""">Kol Inf RHA Abubakar<o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> <td style="padding: 3pt; color: rgb(255, 102, 0);"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font style="" size="2" face=""">-<o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> <td style="padding: 3pt; color: rgb(255, 102, 0);"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font style="" size="2" face=""">1979<o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> <td style="padding: 3pt; color: rgb(255, 102, 0);"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font style="" size="2" face=""">1980<o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="padding: 3pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font style="" size="2" face=""">4<o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> <td style="padding: 3pt; color: rgb(255, 102, 0);"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font style="" size="2" face=""">Letkol AU Drs Mukdas Dasuki<o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> <td style="padding: 3pt; color: rgb(255, 102, 0);"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font style="" size="2" face=""">-<o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> <td style="padding: 3pt; color: rgb(255, 102, 0);"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font style="" size="2" face=""">1980<o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> <td style="padding: 3pt; color: rgb(255, 102, 0);"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font style="" size="2" face=""">1983<o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="padding: 3pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font style="" size="2" face=""">5<o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> <td style="padding: 3pt; color: rgb(255, 102, 0);"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font style="" size="2" face=""">Drs H Soedarna TM, SH<o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> <td style="padding: 3pt; color: rgb(255, 102, 0);"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font style="" size="2" face=""">-<o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> <td style="padding: 3pt; color: rgb(255, 102, 0);"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font style="" size="2" face=""">1983<o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> <td style="padding: 3pt; color: rgb(255, 102, 0);"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font style="" size="2" face=""">1993<o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="padding: 3pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font style="" size="2" face=""">6<o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> <td style="padding: 3pt; color: rgb(255, 102, 0);"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font style="" size="2" face=""">Drs H Bunyamin Dudih, SH<o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> <td style="padding: 3pt; color: rgb(255, 102, 0);"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font style="" size="2" face=""">-<o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> <td style="padding: 3pt; color: rgb(255, 102, 0);"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font style="" size="2" face=""">1993<o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> <td style="padding: 3pt; color: rgb(255, 102, 0);"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font style="" size="2" face=""">2003<o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="padding: 3pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font style="" size="2" face=""">7<o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> <td style="padding: 3pt; color: rgb(255, 102, 0);"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font style="" size="2" face="""><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tubagus_Lily_Hambali_Hasan" title="Tubagus Lily Hambali Hasan">Drs H Lily Hambali Hasan, MSi</a><o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> <td style="padding: 3pt; color: rgb(255, 102, 0);"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font style="" size="2" face="""><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dedi_Mulyadi" title="Dedi Mulyadi">H Dedi Mulyadi, SH</a><o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> <td style="padding: 3pt; color: rgb(255, 102, 0);"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font style="" size="2" face=""">2003<o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> <td style="padding: 3pt; color: rgb(255, 102, 0);"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font style="" size="2" face=""">13 Maret 2008<o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="padding: 3pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font style="" size="2" face=""">8<o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> <td style="padding: 3pt; color: rgb(255, 102, 0);"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font style="" size="2" face="""><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dedi_Mulyadi" title="Dedi Mulyadi">H Dedi Mulyadi, SH</a><o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> <td style="padding: 3pt; color: rgb(255, 102, 0);"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font style="" size="2" face="""><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dudung_Bachtiar_Supardi" title="Dudung Bachtiar Supardi">Drs H Dudung B Supardi, MM</a><o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> <td style="padding: 3pt; color: rgb(255, 102, 0);"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font style="" size="2" face=""">13 Maret 2008<o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> <td style="padding: 3pt; color: rgb(255, 102, 0);"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font style="" size="2" face=""">2013<o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> </div> <p style="color: rgb(255, 102, 0);" class="MsoNormal"><font size="2"><a name="Lihat_pula"></a></font><font style="" size="2" face="""><o:p> </o:p></font></p> <p style="color: rgb(255, 102, 0);" class="MsoNormal"><font style="" size="2" face="""><o:p> </o:p></font></p> smansadahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12193993875633036156noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4616636997856140013.post-80361387435977519632009-06-09T00:35:00.000-07:002009-06-09T01:20:40.311-07:00PSIKOLOGI<meta equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"><meta name="ProgId" content="Word.Document"><meta name="Generator" content="Microsoft Word 11"><meta name="Originator" content="Microsoft Word 11"><link style="color: rgb(255, 102, 0); font-family: times new roman;" rel="File-List" href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CADMINI%7E1%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtml1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml"><link style="color: rgb(255, 102, 0); 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mso-ansi-language:#0400; mso-fareast-language:#0400; mso-bidi-language:#0400;} </style> <![endif]--> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%; color: rgb(255, 102, 0); font-family: times new roman;" align="center"><b><font style="line-height: 150%;" size="16"><font size="3">GURU KIMIA YANG PROFESIONAL</font><font size="3"> </font><font size="3">DALAM PERSFEKTIF PSIKOLOGI PENDIDIKAN</font><o:p></o:p></font></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%; color: rgb(255, 102, 0); font-family: times new roman;" align="center"><b>Diperuntukan Dalam Rangka Memenuhi Tuntutan Tugas Mata Kuliah Psikologi Pendidikan Untuk Menempuh Ujian Akhir Smester<o:p></o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%; color: rgb(255, 102, 0); font-family: times new roman;" align="center"><b>Dosen : Muhibbinsyah, M.Pd<font style=""> </font><o:p></o:p></b></p> <p style="color: rgb(255, 102, 0); font-family: times new roman;" class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p style="color: rgb(255, 102, 0); font-family: times new roman;" class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p style="color: rgb(255, 102, 0); font-family: times new roman;" class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p style="color: rgb(255, 102, 0); font-family: times new roman;" class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; color: rgb(255, 102, 0); font-family: times new roman;" align="center"><font style=""><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shapetype id="_x0000_t75" coordsize="21600,21600" spt="75" preferrelative="t" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" filled="f" stroked="f"> <v:stroke joinstyle="miter"> <v:formulas> <v:f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0"> <v:f eqn="sum @0 1 0"> <v:f eqn="sum 0 0 @1"> <v:f eqn="prod @2 1 2"> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelWidth"> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelHeight"> <v:f eqn="sum @0 0 1"> <v:f eqn="prod @6 1 2"> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelWidth"> <v:f eqn="sum @8 21600 0"> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelHeight"> <v:f eqn="sum @10 21600 0"> </v:formulas> <v:path extrusionok="f" gradientshapeok="t" connecttype="rect"> <o:lock ext="edit" aspectratio="t"> </v:shapetype><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_1" spid="_x0000_i1025" type="#_x0000_t75" style="'width:2in;height:132.75pt;visibility:visible'"> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\ADMINI~1\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image001.png" title=""> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><br /><!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></font></p> <p style="color: rgb(255, 102, 0); font-family: times new roman;" class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p style="color: rgb(255, 102, 0); font-family: times new roman;" class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p style="color: rgb(255, 102, 0); font-family: times new roman;" class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%; color: rgb(255, 102, 0); font-family: times new roman;" align="center">Didah Halimah</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%; color: rgb(255, 102, 0); font-family: times new roman;" align="center">( 208 204 094 )</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%; color: rgb(255, 102, 0); font-family: times new roman;" align="center">Kimia A Smester II</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; color: rgb(255, 102, 0); font-family: times new roman;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%; color: rgb(255, 102, 0); font-family: times new roman;" align="center"><b>PROGRAM STUDY<font style=""> </font>PENDIDIKAN KIMIA<o:p></o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%; color: rgb(255, 102, 0); font-family: times new roman;" align="center"><b>FAKULTAS TARBIYAH DAN KEGURUAN<o:p></o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%; color: rgb(255, 102, 0); font-family: times new roman;" align="center"><b>UNIVERSITAS ISLAM NEGERI <o:p></o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%; color: rgb(255, 102, 0); font-family: times new roman;" align="center"><b>SUNAN GUNUNG DJATI<o:p></o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%; color: rgb(255, 102, 0); font-family: times new roman;" align="center"><b><font style=""> </font>BANDUNG<o:p></o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; color: rgb(255, 102, 0); font-family: times new roman;" align="center"><b>2009<o:p></o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; color: rgb(255, 102, 0); font-family: times new roman;" align="center"><b><o:p> </o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; color: rgb(255, 102, 0); font-family: times new roman;" align="center"><b><o:p> </o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; color: rgb(255, 102, 0); font-family: times new roman;" align="center"><b><o:p> </o:p></b></p> <p style="color: rgb(255, 102, 0); font-family: times new roman;" class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%; color: rgb(255, 102, 0); font-family: times new roman;" align="center"><b>BAB I<o:p></o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; color: rgb(255, 102, 0); font-family: times new roman;" align="center"><b>PENDAHULUAN<o:p></o:p></b></p> <p style="color: rgb(255, 102, 0); font-family: times new roman;" class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 150%; color: rgb(255, 102, 0); font-family: times new roman;">Komponen yang selama ini dianggap sangat mempengaruhi proses pendidikan<font style=""> </font>adalah komponen duru. Hal ini memang wajar, sebab guru merupakan ujung tombak yang berhubungan langsung dengan siswa sebagai subjek dan objek belajar. Bagaimanapun bagus dan idealnya kurikulum pendidikan, tanpa diimbangi kemampuan guru dalam mengiumplementasikannya,<font style=""> </font>maka semuanya akan kurang bermakna. Oleh karena itu, untuk mencapai standar proses pendidikan sebaiknya dimulai dengan menganalisis komponen guru.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 150%; color: rgb(255, 102, 0); font-family: times new roman;">Strategi pencapaian proses pendidikan melalui peningkatan dan perbaikan dilihat dari sudut guru<font style=""> </font>yang meliputi tentang peningkatan profesional guru serta mengoptimalkan peran guru<font style=""> </font>dalam prosesa pembelajaran. </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 150%; color: rgb(255, 102, 0); font-family: times new roman;">Seorang guru perlu memiliki kemampuan merancang dan mengimplementasikan berbagai strategi pembelajaran<font style=""> </font>yang dianggap cocok dengan minat dan bakat serta sesuai dengan perkembangan siswa. Dengan demikian seorang guru perlu memiliki kemampuan yang khusus, kemempuan yang tidak mungkin dimiliki oleh orang bukan guru. “A teacher is person charged with responbility of helping others to learn and to behave in new different ways “(James M.Cooper,1990). Itulah sebabnya pekerjaan guru adalah profesional. Guru yang professional adalah guru yang menguasai materi bidang keilmuannya secara mendalam serta memiliki <font style=""> </font>kemampuan untuk menyalurkan ilmu pengetahuan yang dimilikinya dengan baik. </p> <p style="color: rgb(255, 102, 0); font-family: times new roman;" class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p style="color: rgb(255, 102, 0); font-family: times new roman;" class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p style="color: rgb(255, 102, 0); font-family: times new roman;" class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p style="color: rgb(255, 102, 0); font-family: times new roman;" class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p style="color: rgb(255, 102, 0); font-family: times new roman;" class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p style="color: rgb(255, 102, 0); font-family: times new roman;" class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p style="color: rgb(255, 102, 0); font-family: times new roman;" class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p style="color: rgb(255, 102, 0); font-family: times new roman;" class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p style="color: rgb(255, 102, 0); font-family: times new roman;" class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p style="color: rgb(255, 102, 0); font-family: times new roman;" class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p style="color: rgb(255, 102, 0); font-family: times new roman;" class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p style="color: rgb(255, 102, 0); font-family: times new roman;" class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; color: rgb(255, 102, 0); font-family: times new roman;" align="center"><b>BAB II<o:p></o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; color: rgb(255, 102, 0); font-family: times new roman;" align="center"><b>GURU KIMIA YANG PROFESIONAL DALM PERSFEKTIF PSIKOLOGI PENDIDIKAN<o:p></o:p></b></p> <p style="color: rgb(255, 102, 0); font-family: times new roman;" class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p style="color: rgb(255, 102, 0); font-family: times new roman;" class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 8.5pt; text-indent: -8.5pt; line-height: 150%; color: rgb(255, 102, 0); font-family: times new roman;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><font style="">A.<font style="" size="7"> </font></font><!--[endif]-->Mengajar Kimia Sebagai Pekerjaan Profesional<o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; color: rgb(255, 102, 0); font-family: times new roman;">Ciri dan karakteristik dari proses mengajar sebagai tugas utama profesi guru:</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 45.35pt; text-indent: -17pt; line-height: 150%; color: rgb(255, 102, 0); font-family: times new roman;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><font style="">a)<font style="" size="7"> </font></font><!--[endif]-->Mengajar kimia bukanlah sebatas menyampaikan materi pelajaran kimia saja, akan tetapi merupakan pekerjaan yang bertujuan dan bersifat kompleks, jadi <font style=""> </font>seorang guru kimia yang profesional diperlukan latar belakang yang sesuai, yaitu latar belakang kependidikan keguruan kekimiaan. </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 45.35pt; text-indent: -17pt; line-height: 150%; color: rgb(255, 102, 0); font-family: times new roman;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><font style="">b)<font style="" size="7"> </font></font><!--[endif]-->Tugas seorang guru kimia adalah mengantarkan siswa kearah tujuan<font style=""> </font>yang diinginkan. </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 45.35pt; text-indent: -17pt; line-height: 150%; color: rgb(255, 102, 0); font-family: times new roman;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><font style="">c)<font style="" size="7"> </font></font><!--[endif]-->guru kimia perlu memiliki tingkatan keahklian di bidang kimia yang memadai yang hannya bisa didapatkan dari suatu lembaga pendidikan khusus<font style=""> </font>yaitu lembaga pendidikan keguruan di bidang kimia.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 45.35pt; text-indent: -17pt; line-height: 150%; color: rgb(255, 102, 0); font-family: times new roman;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><font style="">d)<font style="" size="7"> </font></font><!--[endif]-->mempersiapkan generasi muda yang dapat hidup dan berperan aktif dimasyarakat dengan mengamalkan ilmu yang dimilikinya. </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 45.35pt; text-indent: -17pt; line-height: 150%; color: rgb(255, 102, 0); font-family: times new roman;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><font style="">e)<font style="" size="7"> </font></font><!--[endif]-->peka terhadap dinamika perkembangan masyarakat.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 28.35pt; line-height: 150%; color: rgb(255, 102, 0); font-family: times new roman;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 8.5pt; text-indent: -8.5pt; line-height: 150%; color: rgb(255, 102, 0); font-family: times new roman;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><font style="">B.<font style="" size="7"> </font></font><!--[endif]-->Kompetensi Profesional Guru<o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 150%; color: rgb(255, 102, 0); font-family: times new roman;">Johnson mengatakan “Competency as rational performance which satisfactirily<font style=""> </font>meets the objective for a desired condition”(Charles E.Johnson,1974). Menurutnya kompetensi adalah perilaku rasional guna mencapai tujuan yang dipersyaratkan sesuai dengan kondisi yang diharapkan.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt; line-height: 150%; color: rgb(255, 102, 0); font-family: times new roman;">:Dalam undang-undang nomor 14 tahun 2005<font style=""> </font>tentang Guru dan Dosen pasal 10 dikemukakan bahwa kompetensi guru itu mencakup<font style=""> </font>kompetensi paedagogik, kompetensi kepribadian, kompetensi sosial dan kompetensi professional. </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 28.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt; line-height: 150%; color: rgb(255, 102, 0); font-family: times new roman;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><font style="">a.<font style="" size="7"> </font></font><!--[endif]-->Kompetensi paedagogik merupakan kemampuan guru dalam pengelolaan pembelajaran peserta didik yang meliputi pemahaman wawasan atau landasan kependidikan, peserta didik, pengembangan kurikulum atau silabus, perencanaan pembelajaran, pelaksanaan pembelajaran yang mendidik dan dialogis, pemanfaatan teknololgi pembekajaran, rvaluasi hasil belajar, dan pengembangan peserta didik untuk mengaktualisasikan<font style=""> </font>berbagai potensi yang dimilikinya.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 28.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt; line-height: 150%; color: rgb(255, 102, 0); font-family: times new roman;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><font style="">b.<font style="" size="7"> </font></font><!--[endif]-->Kompetensi kepribadian, sekurang-kurangnya mencakkup kepribadisn yang mantap, stabil, dewasa, arif dan bijaksana, berwibawa, berahlak mulia, menjadi tauladan bagi siswa dan masyarakat, secara objektif mengevaluasikinerja sendiri serta mengembangkan diri secara mandiri dan berkelanjutan.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 28.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt; line-height: 150%; color: rgb(255, 102, 0); font-family: times new roman;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><font style="">c.<font style="" size="7"> </font></font><!--[endif]-->Kompetensi social merupakan kemampuan guru sebagai bagian dari masyarakat<font style=""> </font>yang sekurang-kurangnya meliputi kompetensi untuk berkomunikasi, menggunakan teknollogi komunikasi dan informasi secara fungsional, bergaul secara efektif dengan peserta didik, sesama pendidik, tenaga kependidikanlain, orang tua siswa, dan bergaul secara santun dngan masyarakat sekitar.<font style=""> </font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; color: rgb(255, 102, 0); font-family: times new roman;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 8.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -8.5pt; line-height: 150%; color: rgb(255, 102, 0); font-family: times new roman;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><font style="">C.<font style="" size="7"> </font></font><!--[endif]-->Optimalisasi Peran Guru Kimia dalam Proses Pembelajaran<o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.7pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; color: rgb(255, 102, 0); font-family: times new roman;">Guru kimia yang professional harus bias menjalankan perannya dengan baik, peran guru kimia yang professional antara lain<font style=""> </font>sebagai berikut: </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -8.5pt; line-height: 150%; color: rgb(255, 102, 0); font-family: times new roman;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><font style=""><font style="">1.<font style="" size="7"> </font></font></font><!--[endif]-->Guru sebagai sumber belajar</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.8pt; line-height: 150%; color: rgb(255, 102, 0); font-family: times new roman;">Sebagai sumber belajar dalam proses pembelajaran hendaknya guru kimia melakukan hal-hal berikut: memiliki bahan referensi yang lebih banyak dibandingkan dengan siswa, menunjukan sumberbelajar kimmia yang dapat dipelajari oleh siswa yang biasanya memilikikemampuan belajar diatas rata-rata siswa yang lain,melakukan pemetaan tentang<font style=""> </font>materi pelajaran kimia, misalnya dengan menentukan mana materi inti, dan mana materi tambahan.<font style=""> </font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -8.5pt; line-height: 150%; color: rgb(255, 102, 0); font-family: times new roman;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><font style=""><font style="">2.<font style="" size="7"> </font></font></font><!--[endif]-->Guru sebagai fasilitator</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.8pt; line-height: 150%; color: rgb(255, 102, 0); font-family: times new roman;">Guru kimia berperan dalam memberikan pelayanan untuk memudahkan siswa dalam kegiatan proses pembelajaran kimia.<font style=""> </font>Guru yang professional dalam menjalankan perannya sebagai seorang fasilitator adalah harus memehami dan mampu mengorganisasikan berbagai media sumber belajar, memiliki keterampilan dalam merancang suatu media pembelajaran, serta memilikikemampuan dalam berkomunikasi dan berinteraksi dengan siswa.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.8pt; line-height: 150%; color: rgb(255, 102, 0); font-family: times new roman;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -8.5pt; line-height: 150%; color: rgb(255, 102, 0); font-family: times new roman;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><font style=""><font style="">3.<font style="" size="7"> </font></font></font><!--[endif]-->Guru <font style=""> </font>kimia sebagai pengelola (learning manager)</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.8pt; line-height: 150%; color: rgb(255, 102, 0); font-family: times new roman;">Guru berperan dalam menciptakan ikllim belajar yang memungkingkan siswa dapat belajar kimia secara nyaman. Prinsip-prinsip<font style=""> </font>belajar yang harus diperhatikan guru adalah segala sesuatu yang dipelajari siswa maka siswa harus mempelajarinnya sendiri, perbedaan kecepatan belajar siswa, pemberian reinforcement, penguasaan secara penuh dari setiap langkah belajar, pemberian tanggung jawab kepada siswa untuk memotifasi belajar. </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -8.5pt; line-height: 150%; color: rgb(255, 102, 0); font-family: times new roman;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><font style=""><font style="">4.<font style="" size="7"> </font></font></font><!--[endif]-->Guru sebagai demonstrator</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.8pt; line-height: 150%; color: rgb(255, 102, 0); font-family: times new roman;">Dalam hal ini guru berperan untuk mempertunjukan kepada siswa segala sesuatu yang dapat membuat siswa lebih mengerti dan memahami pesan yang disampaikan. </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -8.5pt; line-height: 150%; color: rgb(255, 102, 0); font-family: times new roman;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><font style=""><font style="">5.<font style="" size="7"> </font></font></font><!--[endif]-->Guru sebagai pembimbing</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.8pt; line-height: 150%; color: rgb(255, 102, 0); font-family: times new roman;">Karena perkembanngan setiap siswa tidaklah sama maka siswa memerlukan pembimbing agar dapat menemukan potensi yang dimilikinya<font style=""> </font>sebagai bekal hidup mereka.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -8.5pt; line-height: 150%; color: rgb(255, 102, 0); font-family: times new roman;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><font style=""><font style="">6.<font style="" size="7"> </font></font></font><!--[endif]-->Guru sebagai motivator</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.8pt; line-height: 150%; color: rgb(255, 102, 0); font-family: times new roman;">Untuk memperoleh hasil belajar yang optimal<font style=""> </font>guru yang professional harus bisa membangkitkan motivasi belajar siswa, anatara lain dengan<font style=""> </font>memperjelas tujuan yang ingin dicapai, membangkitkan minat siswa, menciptakan suasana yang mennyenangkan ketika belajar, memberikan pujian yang wajarterhadap keberhasilan setiap siswa, memberikan penilaian dan komentar terhadap pekerjaan siswa, serta menciptakan persaingan dan kerjasama antar siswa.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -8.5pt; line-height: 150%; color: rgb(255, 102, 0); font-family: times new roman;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><font style=""><font style="">7.<font style="" size="7"> </font></font></font><!--[endif]-->Guru sebagai evaluator</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.8pt; line-height: 150%; color: rgb(255, 102, 0); font-family: times new roman;">Dalam hal ini guru berperan untuk mengumpulkan<font style=""> </font>data atau informasi tentang keberhasilan pembelajaran yang telah dilakukan. Ada dua macam evaluasi yaitu evaluasi untuk menentukan keberhasilan siswa dalam menyerap meteri kurikulim dan evaluasi untuk menentukan keberhasilan guru dalam melaksanakan seluruh kegiatan yang telah diprogramkan.</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; color: rgb(255, 102, 0); font-family: times new roman;">Dengan memahami psikologi pendidikan, seorang guru profesional melalui pertimbangan – pertimbangan psikologisnya diharapkan dapat :</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 28.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt; line-height: 150%; color: rgb(255, 102, 0); font-family: times new roman;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><font style="">a.<font style="" size="7"> </font></font><!--[endif]-->. Merumuskan tujuan pembelajaran secara tepat.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 28.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt; line-height: 150%; color: rgb(255, 102, 0); font-family: times new roman;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><font style="">b.<font style="" size="7"> </font></font><!--[endif]-->Memilih strategi atau metode pembelajaran yang sesuai</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 28.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt; line-height: 150%; color: rgb(255, 102, 0); font-family: times new roman;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><font style="">c.<font style="" size="7"> </font></font><!--[endif]-->Memberikan bimbingan atau bahkan memberikan konseling</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 28.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt; line-height: 150%; color: rgb(255, 102, 0); font-family: times new roman;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><font style="">d.<font style="" size="7"> </font></font><!--[endif]-->Memfasilitasi dan memotivasi belajar peserta didik</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 28.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt; line-height: 150%; color: rgb(255, 102, 0); font-family: times new roman;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><font style="">e.<font style="" size="7"> </font></font><!--[endif]-->Menciptakan iklim belajar yang kondusif,</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 28.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt; line-height: 150%; color: rgb(255, 102, 0); font-family: times new roman;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><font style="">f.<font style="" size="7"> </font></font><!--[endif]-->Berinteraksi secara tepat dengan siswanya</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 28.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt; line-height: 150%; color: rgb(255, 102, 0); font-family: times new roman;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><font style="">g.<font style="" size="7"> </font></font><!--[endif]-->Menilai hasil pembelajaran yang adil.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.8pt; line-height: 150%; color: rgb(255, 102, 0); font-family: times new roman;"><font style=""><o:p> </o:p></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.8pt; line-height: 150%; color: rgb(255, 102, 0); font-family: times new roman;"><font style=""><o:p> </o:p></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.8pt; line-height: 150%; color: rgb(255, 102, 0); font-family: times new roman;"><o:p> </o:p></p> smansadahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12193993875633036156noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4616636997856140013.post-6295154522008560612009-06-09T00:26:00.000-07:002009-06-09T01:20:40.324-07:00makalah kimia<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"><meta name="ProgId" content="Word.Document"><meta name="Generator" content="Microsoft Word 11"><meta name="Originator" content="Microsoft Word 11"><link rel="File-List" href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CADMINI%7E1%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtml1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml"><link rel="Edit-Time-Data" href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CADMINI%7E1%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtml1%5C01%5Cclip_editdata.mso"><!--[if !mso]> <style> v\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);} o\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);} w\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);} .shape {behavior:url(#default#VML);} </style> <![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> <w:DontGrowAutofit/> </w:Compatibility> <w:BrowserLevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel> </w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" LatentStyleCount="156"> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><style> <!-- /* Font Definitions */ @font-face {font-family:Wingdings; 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text-indent:-.25in; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";} @list l8:level5 {mso-level-number-format:alpha-lower; mso-level-tab-stop:2.5in; mso-level-number-position:left; text-indent:-.25in; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";} @list l8:level6 {mso-level-number-format:roman-lower; mso-level-tab-stop:3.0in; mso-level-number-position:right; text-indent:-9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";} @list l8:level7 {mso-level-tab-stop:3.5in; mso-level-number-position:left; text-indent:-.25in; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";} @list l8:level8 {mso-level-number-format:alpha-lower; mso-level-tab-stop:4.0in; mso-level-number-position:left; text-indent:-.25in; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";} @list l8:level9 {mso-level-number-format:roman-lower; mso-level-tab-stop:4.5in; mso-level-number-position:right; text-indent:-9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";} @list l9 {mso-list-id:549924962; mso-list-type:hybrid; mso-list-template-ids:-629536428 67698709 67698713 67698715 67698703 67698713 67698715 67698703 67698713 67698715;} @list l9:level1 {mso-level-number-format:alpha-upper; 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mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-border-insideh:.5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev:.5pt solid windowtext; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman";} </style> <![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:shapedefaults v:ext="edit" spidmax="1062"/> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:shapelayout v:ext="edit"> <o:idmap v:ext="edit" data="1"/> </o:shapelayout></xml><![endif]--> <div class="Section1"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b><span style="font-size: 26pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Georgia;">UNSUR HALOGEN DALAM KEHIDUPAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b>Diperuntukan Dalam Rangka Memenuhi Tuntutan Tugas Mata Kuliah Kimia Dasar II Untuk Menempuh Ujian Akhir Smester <o:p></o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b><o:p> </o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><o:p> </o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=""><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shapetype id="_x0000_t75" coordsize="21600,21600" o:spt="75" o:preferrelative="t" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" filled="f" stroked="f"> <v:stroke joinstyle="miter"/> <v:formulas> <v:f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0"/> <v:f eqn="sum @0 1 0"/> <v:f eqn="sum 0 0 @1"/> <v:f eqn="prod @2 1 2"/> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelWidth"/> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelHeight"/> <v:f eqn="sum @0 0 1"/> <v:f eqn="prod @6 1 2"/> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelWidth"/> <v:f eqn="sum @8 21600 0"/> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelHeight"/> <v:f eqn="sum @10 21600 0"/> </v:formulas> <v:path o:extrusionok="f" gradientshapeok="t" o:connecttype="rect"/> <o:lock v:ext="edit" aspectratio="t"/> </v:shapetype><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_1" o:spid="_x0000_i1025" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:2in;height:132.75pt;visibility:visible'> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\ADMINI~1\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image001.png" o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ADMINI%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image002.jpg" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_1" width="192" height="177"><!--[endif]--></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center">Didah Halimah</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center">( 208 204 094 )</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center">Kimia A Smester II</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b>PROGRAM STUDY<span style=""> </span>PENDIDIKAN KIMIA<o:p></o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b>FAKULTAS TARBIYAH DAN KEGURUAN<o:p></o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b>UNIVERSITAS ISLAM NEGERI <o:p></o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b>SUNAN GUNUNG DJATI<o:p></o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b><span style=""> </span>BANDUNG<o:p></o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b>2009<o:p></o:p></b></p> </div> <b><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Algerian;"><br style="page-break-before: always;" clear="all"> </span></b> <div class="Section2"> <h1><a name="_Toc231794443">KATA PENGANTAR</a></h1> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b><o:p> </o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">Puji dan syukur penulis panjatkan kehadirat Allah SWT, karena atas berkat dan rahmat-Nyalah penulis dapat menyelesaikan makalah ini.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">Makalah<span style=""> </span>ini disusun untuk memenuhi salah satu tugas mata kuliah Kimia Dasar II, yang merupakan syarat untuk bisa mengikuti ujian akhir semester genap mata kuliah Kimia Dasar II. Makalah ini membahas tentang Unsur Halogen, sifat-sifatnya, pembuatan dan kegunaannnya dalam kehidupan.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">Kepada semua pihak yang telah membantu dalam menyelesaikan pembuatan makalah ini penulis mengucapkan terimakasih, semoga segala bantuannya mendapatkan balasan dari Allah SWT.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">Kritik dan saran sangat penulis harapkan demi perbaikan penulisan dimasa yang akan datang. Semoga makalah<span style=""> </span>ini dapat bermanfaat bagi penulis dan pembaca sekalian.</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;" align="left"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;" align="left"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;" align="left"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;" align="left"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;" align="left"><span style=""> </span>Bandung, Mei 2009</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;" align="left"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;" align="left"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;" align="left"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;" align="left"><span style=""> </span>Penulis </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;" align="left"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;" align="left"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> </div> <b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Bookman Old Style";"><br style="page-break-before: always;" clear="all"> </span></b> <div class="Section3"> <h1><a name="_Toc231794444">DAFTAR ISI</a></h1> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoToc1" style=""><!--[if supportFields]><span style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>TOC \o "1-3" \h \z \u <span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style=""><a href="#_Toc231794443">KATA PENGANTAR<span style="color: windowtext; display: none; text-decoration: none;"><span style="">.. </span></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none; text-underline:none'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span></span><span style='color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none; text-underline:none'> PAGEREF _Toc231794443 \h </span><span style='color:windowtext; display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'><span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; text-decoration: none;">i</span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; text-decoration: none;"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F006300320033003100370039003400340034003300000000</w:data> </xml><![endif]--></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='color:windowtext; display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--></a></span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoToc1" style=""><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href="#_Toc231794444">DAFTAR ISI<span style="color: windowtext; display: none; text-decoration: none;"><span style=""> </span></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none; text-underline:none'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span></span><span style='color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none; text-underline:none'> PAGEREF _Toc231794444 \h </span><span style='color:windowtext; display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'><span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; text-decoration: none;">ii</span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; text-decoration: none;"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F006300320033003100370039003400340034003400000000</w:data> </xml><![endif]--></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='color:windowtext; display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--></a></span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoToc1" style=""><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href="#_Toc231794445">BAB I PENDAHULUAN<span style="color: windowtext; display: none; text-decoration: none;"><span style="">.. </span></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none; text-underline:none'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span></span><span style='color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none; text-underline:none'> PAGEREF _Toc231794445 \h </span><span style='color:windowtext; display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'><span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; text-decoration: none;">1</span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; text-decoration: none;"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F006300320033003100370039003400340034003500000000</w:data> </xml><![endif]--></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='color:windowtext; display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--></a></span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoToc2" style=""><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href="#_Toc231794446">A.<span style="font-family: Calibri; color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;"><span style=""> </span></span>LATAR BELAKANG<span style="color: windowtext; display: none; text-decoration: none;"><span style="">.. </span></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none; text-underline:none'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span></span><span style='color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none; text-underline:none'> PAGEREF _Toc231794446 \h </span><span style='color:windowtext; display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'><span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; text-decoration: none;">1</span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; text-decoration: none;"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F006300320033003100370039003400340034003600000000</w:data> </xml><![endif]--></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='color:windowtext; display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--></a></span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoToc2" style=""><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href="#_Toc231794447">B.<span style="font-family: Calibri; color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;"><span style=""> </span></span>TUJUAN PENYUSUNAN<span style="color: windowtext; display: none; text-decoration: none;"><span style="">.. </span></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none; text-underline:none'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span></span><span style='color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none; text-underline:none'> PAGEREF _Toc231794447 \h </span><span style='color:windowtext; display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'><span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; text-decoration: none;">1</span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; text-decoration: none;"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F006300320033003100370039003400340034003700000000</w:data> </xml><![endif]--></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='color:windowtext; display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--></a></span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoToc2" style=""><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href="#_Toc231794448">C.<span style="font-family: Calibri; color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;"><span style=""> </span></span>SISTEMETIKA PENULISAN<span style="color: windowtext; display: none; text-decoration: none;"><span style="">.. </span></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none; text-underline:none'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span></span><span style='color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none; text-underline:none'> PAGEREF _Toc231794448 \h </span><span style='color:windowtext; display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'><span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; text-decoration: none;">2</span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; text-decoration: none;"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F006300320033003100370039003400340034003800000000</w:data> </xml><![endif]--></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='color:windowtext; display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--></a></span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoToc1" style=""><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href="#_Toc231794449">BAB II UNSUR HALOGEN<span style="color: windowtext; display: none; text-decoration: none;"><span style="">.. </span></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none; text-underline:none'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span></span><span style='color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none; text-underline:none'> PAGEREF _Toc231794449 \h </span><span style='color:windowtext; display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'><span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; text-decoration: none;">3</span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; text-decoration: none;"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F006300320033003100370039003400340034003900000000</w:data> </xml><![endif]--></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='color:windowtext; display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--></a></span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoToc2" style=""><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href="#_Toc231794450">A.<span style="font-family: Calibri; color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;"><span style=""> </span></span>HALOGEN DAN PENEMUNYA<span style="color: windowtext; display: none; text-decoration: none;"><span style="">.. </span></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none; text-underline:none'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span></span><span style='color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none; text-underline:none'> PAGEREF _Toc231794450 \h </span><span style='color:windowtext; display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'><span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; text-decoration: none;">3</span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; text-decoration: none;"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F006300320033003100370039003400340035003000000000</w:data> </xml><![endif]--></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='color:windowtext; display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--></a></span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoToc2" style=""><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href="#_Toc231794451">B.<span style="font-family: Calibri; color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;"><span style=""> </span></span>SIFAT-SIFAT HALOGEN<span style="color: windowtext; display: none; text-decoration: none;"><span style="">.. </span></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none; text-underline:none'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span></span><span style='color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none; text-underline:none'> PAGEREF _Toc231794451 \h </span><span style='color:windowtext; display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'><span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; text-decoration: none;">5</span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; text-decoration: none;"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F006300320033003100370039003400340035003100000000</w:data> </xml><![endif]--></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='color:windowtext; display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--></a></span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoToc2" style=""><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href="#_Toc231794452">C.<span style="font-family: Calibri; color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;"><span style=""> </span></span>OKSIDA HALOGEN<span style="color: windowtext; display: none; text-decoration: none;"><span style="">.. </span></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none; text-underline:none'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span></span><span style='color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none; text-underline:none'> PAGEREF _Toc231794452 \h </span><span style='color:windowtext; display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'><span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; text-decoration: none;">8</span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; text-decoration: none;"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F006300320033003100370039003400340035003200000000</w:data> </xml><![endif]--></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='color:windowtext; display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--></a></span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoToc2" style=""><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href="#_Toc231794453">D.<span style="font-family: Calibri; color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;"><span style=""> </span></span>AUTO OKSIDASI REDUKSI ATAU DISDROPORSIONASI<span style="color: windowtext; display: none; text-decoration: none;"><span style=""> </span></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none; text-underline:none'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span></span><span style='color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none; text-underline:none'> PAGEREF _Toc231794453 \h </span><span style='color:windowtext; display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'><span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; text-decoration: none;">9</span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; text-decoration: none;"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F006300320033003100370039003400340035003300000000</w:data> </xml><![endif]--></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='color:windowtext; display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--></a></span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoToc2" style=""><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href="#_Toc231794454">E.<span style="font-family: Calibri; color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;"><span style=""> </span></span>REAKSI HALOGEN DALAM LARUTAN AIR<span style="color: windowtext; display: none; text-decoration: none;"><span style="">.. </span></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='color:windowtext; display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span></span><span style='color:windowtext; display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'> PAGEREF _Toc231794454 \h </span><span style='color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide: screen;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'><span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; text-decoration: none;">9</span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; text-decoration: none;"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F006300320033003100370039003400340035003400000000</w:data> </xml><![endif]--></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='color:windowtext; display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--></a></span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoToc2" style=""><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href="#_Toc231794455">F.<span style="font-family: Calibri; color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;"><span style=""> </span></span>SENYAWA ANTAR HALOGEN<span style="color: windowtext; display: none; text-decoration: none;"><span style="">.. </span></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none; text-underline:none'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span></span><span style='color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none; text-underline:none'> PAGEREF _Toc231794455 \h </span><span style='color:windowtext; display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'><span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; text-decoration: none;">10</span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; text-decoration: none;"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F006300320033003100370039003400340035003500000000</w:data> </xml><![endif]--></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='color:windowtext; display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--></a></span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoToc2" style=""><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href="#_Toc231794456">G.<span style="font-family: Calibri; color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;"><span style=""> </span></span>HUBUNGAN PERIODIK ANTAR HALOGEN<span style="color: windowtext; display: none; text-decoration: none;"><span style="">.. </span></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none; text-underline:none'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span></span><span style='color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none; text-underline:none'> PAGEREF _Toc231794456 \h </span><span style='color:windowtext; display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'><span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; text-decoration: none;">11</span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; text-decoration: none;"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F006300320033003100370039003400340035003600000000</w:data> </xml><![endif]--></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='color:windowtext; display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--></a></span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoToc2" style=""><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href="#_Toc231794457">H.<span style="font-family: Calibri; color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;"><span style=""> </span></span>ASAM OKSI<span style="color: windowtext; display: none; text-decoration: none;"><span style=""> </span></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none; text-underline:none'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span></span><span style='color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none; text-underline:none'> PAGEREF _Toc231794457 \h </span><span style='color:windowtext; display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'><span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; text-decoration: none;">11</span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; text-decoration: none;"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F006300320033003100370039003400340035003700000000</w:data> </xml><![endif]--></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='color:windowtext; display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--></a></span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoToc2" style=""><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href="#_Toc231794458">I.<span style="font-family: Calibri; color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;"><span style=""> </span></span>SENYAWA FLUORIDA<span style="color: windowtext; display: none; text-decoration: none;"><span style="">.. </span></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none; text-underline:none'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span></span><span style='color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none; text-underline:none'> PAGEREF _Toc231794458 \h </span><span style='color:windowtext; display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'><span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; text-decoration: none;">11</span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; text-decoration: none;"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F006300320033003100370039003400340035003800000000</w:data> </xml><![endif]--></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='color:windowtext; display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--></a></span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoToc2" style=""><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href="#_Toc231794459">J.<span style="font-family: Calibri; color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;"><span style=""> </span></span>IKATAN OKSIDA<span style="color: windowtext; display: none; text-decoration: none;"><span style="">.. </span></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none; text-underline:none'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span></span><span style='color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none; text-underline:none'> PAGEREF _Toc231794459 \h </span><span style='color:windowtext; display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'><span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; text-decoration: none;">12</span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; text-decoration: none;"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F006300320033003100370039003400340035003900000000</w:data> </xml><![endif]--></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='color:windowtext; display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--></a></span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoToc2" style=""><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href="#_Toc231794460">K.<span style="font-family: Calibri; color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;"><span style=""> </span></span>IKATAN DENGAN HIDROGEN<span style="color: windowtext; display: none; text-decoration: none;"><span style="">.. </span></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none; text-underline:none'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span></span><span style='color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none; text-underline:none'> PAGEREF _Toc231794460 \h </span><span style='color:windowtext; display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'><span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; text-decoration: none;">13</span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; text-decoration: none;"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F006300320033003100370039003400340036003000000000</w:data> </xml><![endif]--></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='color:windowtext; display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--></a></span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoToc2" style=""><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href="#_Toc231794461">L.<span style="font-family: Calibri; color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;"><span style=""> </span></span>REAKSI PENDESAKAN<span style="color: windowtext; display: none; text-decoration: none;"><span style="">.. </span></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none; text-underline:none'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span></span><span style='color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none; text-underline:none'> PAGEREF _Toc231794461 \h </span><span style='color:windowtext; display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'><span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; text-decoration: none;">13</span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; text-decoration: none;"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F006300320033003100370039003400340036003100000000</w:data> </xml><![endif]--></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='color:windowtext; display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--></a></span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoToc2" style=""><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href="#_Toc231794462">M.<span style="font-family: Calibri; color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;"><span style=""> </span></span>DAYA PENGOKSIDASI<span style="color: windowtext; display: none; text-decoration: none;"><span style=""> </span></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none; text-underline:none'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span></span><span style='color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none; text-underline:none'> PAGEREF _Toc231794462 \h </span><span style='color:windowtext; display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'><span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; text-decoration: none;">13</span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; text-decoration: none;"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F006300320033003100370039003400340036003200000000</w:data> </xml><![endif]--></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='color:windowtext; display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--></a></span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoToc2" style=""><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href="#_Toc231794463">N.<span style="font-family: Calibri; color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;"><span style=""> </span></span>SIFAT ASAM<span style="color: windowtext; display: none; text-decoration: none;"><span style="">.. </span></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none; text-underline:none'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span></span><span style='color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none; text-underline:none'> PAGEREF _Toc231794463 \h </span><span style='color:windowtext; display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'><span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; text-decoration: none;">14</span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; text-decoration: none;"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F006300320033003100370039003400340036003300000000</w:data> </xml><![endif]--></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='color:windowtext; display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--></a></span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoToc2" style=""><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href="#_Toc231794464">O.<span style="font-family: Calibri; color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;"><span style=""> </span></span>REAKSI DENGAN LOGAM<span style="color: windowtext; display: none; text-decoration: none;"><span style="">.. </span></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none; text-underline:none'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span></span><span style='color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none; text-underline:none'> PAGEREF _Toc231794464 \h </span><span style='color:windowtext; display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'><span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; text-decoration: none;">14</span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; text-decoration: none;"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F006300320033003100370039003400340036003400000000</w:data> </xml><![endif]--></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='color:windowtext; display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--></a></span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoToc2" style=""><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href="#_Toc231794465">P.<span style="font-family: Calibri; color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;"><span style=""> </span></span>REAKSI DENGAN NON LOGAM<span style="color: windowtext; display: none; text-decoration: none;"><span style="">.. </span></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none; text-underline:none'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span></span><span style='color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none; text-underline:none'> PAGEREF _Toc231794465 \h </span><span style='color:windowtext; display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'><span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; text-decoration: none;">15</span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; text-decoration: none;"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F006300320033003100370039003400340036003500000000</w:data> </xml><![endif]--></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='color:windowtext; display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--></a></span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoToc2" style=""><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href="#_Toc231794466">Q.<span style="font-family: Calibri; color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;"><span style=""> </span></span>REAKSI DENGAN UNSUR METALOID<span style="color: windowtext; display: none; text-decoration: none;"><span style="">.. </span></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none; text-underline:none'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span></span><span style='color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none; text-underline:none'> PAGEREF _Toc231794466 \h </span><span style='color:windowtext; display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'><span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; text-decoration: none;">15</span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; text-decoration: none;"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F006300320033003100370039003400340036003600000000</w:data> </xml><![endif]--></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='color:windowtext; display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--></a></span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoToc2" style=""><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href="#_Toc231794467">R.<span style="font-family: Calibri; color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;"><span style=""> </span></span>REAKSI DENGAN BASA<span style="color: windowtext; display: none; text-decoration: none;"><span style="">.. </span></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none; text-underline:none'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span></span><span style='color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none; text-underline:none'> PAGEREF _Toc231794467 \h </span><span style='color:windowtext; display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'><span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; text-decoration: none;">15</span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; text-decoration: none;"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F006300320033003100370039003400340036003700000000</w:data> </xml><![endif]--></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='color:windowtext; display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--></a></span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoToc2" style=""><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href="#_Toc231794468">S.<span style="font-family: Calibri; color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;"><span style=""> </span></span>PROSES PEMBUATAN HALOGEN<span style="color: windowtext; display: none; text-decoration: none;"><span style="">.. </span></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none; text-underline:none'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span></span><span style='color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none; text-underline:none'> PAGEREF _Toc231794468 \h </span><span style='color:windowtext; display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'><span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; text-decoration: none;">16</span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; text-decoration: none;"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F006300320033003100370039003400340036003800000000</w:data> </xml><![endif]--></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='color:windowtext; display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--></a></span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoToc2" style=""><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href="#_Toc231794469">T.<span style="font-family: Calibri; color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;"><span style=""> </span></span>KEGUNAAN HALOGEN<span style="color: windowtext; display: none; text-decoration: none;"><span style="">.. </span></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none; text-underline:none'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span></span><span style='color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none; text-underline:none'> PAGEREF _Toc231794469 \h </span><span style='color:windowtext; display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'><span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; text-decoration: none;">20</span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; text-decoration: none;"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F006300320033003100370039003400340036003900000000</w:data> </xml><![endif]--></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='color:windowtext; display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--></a></span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoToc1" style=""><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href="#_Toc231794470">BAB III PENUTUP<span style="color: windowtext; display: none; text-decoration: none;"><span style="">. </span></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none; text-underline:none'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span></span><span style='color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none; text-underline:none'> PAGEREF _Toc231794470 \h </span><span style='color:windowtext; display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'><span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; text-decoration: none;">23</span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; text-decoration: none;"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F006300320033003100370039003400340037003000000000</w:data> </xml><![endif]--></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='color:windowtext; display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--></a></span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoToc1" style=""><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href="#_Toc231794471">DAFTAR PUSTAKA<span style="color: windowtext; display: none; text-decoration: none;"><span style="">.. </span></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none; text-underline:none'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span></span><span style='color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none; text-underline:none'> PAGEREF _Toc231794471 \h </span><span style='color:windowtext; display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'><span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; text-decoration: none;">24</span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; text-decoration: none;"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F006300320033003100370039003400340037003100000000</w:data> </xml><![endif]--></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='color:windowtext; display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--></a></span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if supportFields]><span style='font-size:11.0pt; line-height:150%'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </div> <b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Bookman Old Style";"><br style="page-break-before: always;" clear="all"> </span></b> <h1><a name="_Toc231794445">BAB I<br />PENDAHULUAN</a></h1> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <h2 style="margin-left: 0.25in;"><a name="_Toc231794446"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">A.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->LATAR BELAKANG</a></h2> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 8.5pt;">Salah satu ciri masyarakat dan Negara yang sedang berkembang adalah dengan adanya kemajuan dibidang pembangunan baik pembangunan materil maupun pembangunan spiritual. Pembangunan spiritual salah satunnya adalah dengan<span style=""> </span>meningkatkan kualitas sumberdaya<span style=""> </span>manusianya.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 8.5pt;">Peningkatan kualitas sumber daya manusia dapat di lihat dari penggunaan teknologi, kemajuan di bidang industri,dan banyaknya<span style=""> </span>masyarakat yang mengenyam pendidikan. Saat ini ilmu pengetahuan yang sedang berkembang adalah ilmu-ilmu dibidang MIPA. Terutama ilmu kimia.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 8.5pt;">Di sadari ataupun tidak ilmu kimia memilki peranan yang sangat penting dalam kehidupan kita. Dimulai dari<span style=""> </span>penyusun kromosom, pakaian kita, lingkungan kita, bahkan diri kita merupakan materi kimia.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 8.5pt;">Salah satu materi kimia yang sering kali di gunakan dalam kehidupan manusia adalah unsur-unsur<span style=""> </span>halogen. baik di bidang industri, pengobatan,dan lain sebagainya. Hal inilah yang mendorong penulis untuk mencoba mengungkapkan mengenai “UNSUR HALOGEN DALAM KEHIDUPAN”.<span style=""> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <h2 style="margin-left: 0.25in;"><a name="_Toc231794447"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">B.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->TUJUAN PENYUSUNAN</a> </h2> <p class="MsoNormal">Adapun tujuan dari penulisan makalah ini adalah sebagai berikut:</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 45pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">a)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Memenuhi tugas mata kuliah Kimia Dasar II,</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 45pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">b)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Meningkatkan pengetahuan dengan memperdalam pengetahuan mengenai unsur halogen dan penggunaannya,</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 45pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">c)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Membantu pembaca dalam membangun kepekaan terhadap penerapan ilmu kimia dalam kehidupan, dan</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 45pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">d)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style=""> </span>Memperdalam pengetahuan tentang unsur-unsur halogen.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 45pt;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <h2 style="margin-left: 0.25in;"><a name="_Toc231794448"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">C.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->SISTEMETIKA PENULISAN</a></h2> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 8.5pt;">Dalam penulisan makalah ini penulis merasa perlu untuk mengemukakan sistematika penulisan, yaitu sebagai berikut:</p> <p class="MsoNormal">BAB I, merupakan pendahuluan yang terdiri dari latar belakng penulisan, tujuan penulisan makalah,<span style=""> </span>dan sistematika penulisan makalah.</p> <p class="MsoNormal">BAB II, mereupakan isi atau pembahasan mengenai isi makalah<span style=""> </span>yang membahas tentang halogen, sifat-sifatnya, proses pembuatannya, dan penggunaannya dalam kehidupan.</p> <p class="MsoNormal">BAB III, merupakan penutup yang terdiri dari simpulan.</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <b><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Cambria;"><br style="page-break-before: always;" clear="all"> </span></b> <h1><a name="_Toc231794449">BAB II<br />UNSUR HALOGEN</a></h1> <h1><o:p> </o:p></h1> <h2 style="margin-left: 0.25in;"><a name="_Toc231794450"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">A.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->HALOGEN DAN PENEMUNYA</a></h2> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 8.5pt;">Istilah halogen adalah<span style=""> </span>unsur yang menghasilkan garam, bila bergabung dengan logam. Kata halogen<span style=""> </span>berasal dari tatanama saintifik Perancis pada abad ke-18.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 8.5pt;"><span style=""> </span>Halogen adalah kelompok <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unsur_kimia"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">unsur kimia</span></a> yang berada pada golongan 7 (VII atau VIIA pada sistem lama) di <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabel_periodik"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">tabel periodik</span></a>. Halogen merupakan golongan yang sangat reaktif dalam menerima elektron dan bertindak sebagai elektron kuat. </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 8.5pt;">Halogen tidak menunjukan sifat logam. Jumlah electron pada kulit terluarnya adalah 7 elektron, mampu menerima sebuah electron dalam membentuk ion Halida, atau membentuk pasangan elektron dengan atom lain membentuk ikatan kovalen tunggal.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 8.5pt;">Unsur-unsur halogen secara alamiah berbentuk <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molekul"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">molekul</span></a> diatomik. Mereka membutuhkan satu tambahan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektron"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">elektron</span></a> untuk mengisi <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Orbit_elektron&action=edit&redlink=1"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">orbit elektron</span></a> terluarnya, sehingga cenderung membentuk <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">ion</span></a> negatif bermuatan satu. Ion negatif ini disebut ion halida, dan garam yang terbentuk oleh ion ini disebut <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Halida&action=edit&redlink=1"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">halida</span></a>.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 8.5pt;">Halogen merupakan golongan non-logam yang sangat reaktif, sehingga unsur-unsurnya tidak dijumpai pada keadaan bebas. Pada umumnya ditemukan dialam dalam bentuk senyawa garam-garamnya. Garam yang terbentuk disebut Halida. Flourin ditemukan dalam mineral-mineral pada kulit bumi: fluorspar (CaF<sub>2</sub>) dan kriolit (Na<sub>3</sub>AlF<sub>6</sub>). Klorin, Bromin, dan Iodin terkandung pada air laut dalam bentuk garam-garam halida dari natrium, magnesium, kalium, dan kalsium. Garam halida yang paling banyak adalah NaCl 2,8% berat air laut. Banyaknya ion halida pada air laut : 0,53 M Cl<sup>- </sup>; 8X10<sup>-4 </sup>M Br<sup>-</sup> ; 5X10<sup>-7 </sup>M I<sup>-</sup>. Selain itu, klorin ditemukan di alam sebagai gas Cl<sub>2</sub>, senyawa dan mineral seperti kamalit dan silvit.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 8.5pt;">Iodin ditemukan dalam jumlah berlimpah sebagai garan (NaIO<sub>3</sub>) di daerah Chili, Amerika Serikat. Iodin yang ditemukan dalam senyawa NaI banyak terdapat pada sumber air diwatudakon ( Mojokerto).</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 8.5pt;">Selain di alam, ion halida juga terdapat dalam tubuh manusia. Ion clorida merupakan anion yang terkandung dalam plasma darah, cairan tubuh, air susu, air mata, air ludah, dan cairan ekskresi. Ion iodida terdapat dalam kelenjar tiroid. Ion flourida merupakan komponen pembuat bahan perekat flouroaptit [Ca<sub>5</sub>(PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub>F] yang terdapat pada lapisan email gigi.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 8.5pt;">Unsur-unsur ini tidak ditemukan di alam dalam keadaan bebas, melainkan dalam bentuk garamnya. Oleh karena itu unsur-unsur nonlogam ini dinamakan HALOGEN, yang berasal dari kata <i>halos=garam genes=pembentuk </i>jadi artinya pembentuk garam. Unsur nonlogam yang termasuk ke dalam golongan Halogen yaitu Fluor (F<span style="position: relative; top: 3.5pt;">2</span>), Klor (Cl<span style="position: relative; top: 3.5pt;">2</span>), Brom (Br<span style="position: relative; top: 3.5pt;">2</span>), Iodium (I<span style="position: relative; top: 3.5pt;">2</span>), dan Astatin (At<span style="position: relative; top: 3.5pt;">2</span>).</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b>1. Fluor<o:p></o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">Ditemukan dalam fluorspar oleh <b>Schwandhard</b> pada tahun 1670 dan baru pada tahun 1886 <b>Maisson </b>berhasil mengisolasinya. Merupakan unsur paling elektronegatif dan paling reaktif. Dalam bentuk gas merupakan molekul diatom (F<span style="position: relative; top: 3.5pt;">2</span>), berbau pedas, berwarna kuning mudan dan bersifat sangat korosif. Serbuk logam, glass, keramik, bahkan air terbakar dalam fluorin dengan nyala terang. Adanya komponen fluorin dalam air minum melebihi 2 ppm dapat menimbulkan lapisan kehitaman pada gigi.</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b>2. Klor<o:p></o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">Ditemukan oleh <b>Scheele</b> pada tahu 1774 dan dinamai oleh <b>Davy</b> pada tahun 1810. Klor ditemukan di alam dalam keadaan kombinasi sebagai gas Cl<span style="position: relative; top: 3.5pt;">2</span>, senyawa dan mineral seperti kamalit dan silvit. Gas klor berwarna kuning kehijauan, dapat larut dalam air, mudah bereaksi dengan unsur lain. Klor dapat mengganggu pernafasan, merusak selaput lender dan dalam wujud cahaya dapat membakar kulit.</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b>3. Brom<o:p></o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">Ditemukan oleh <b>Balard</b> pada tahun 1826. merupakan zat cair berwarna coklat kemerahan, agak mudah menguap pada temperatur kamar, uapnya berwarna merah, berbau tidak enak dan dapat menimbulkan efek iritasi pada mata dan kerongkongan. Bromin mudah larut dalam air dan CS<span style="position: relative; top: 3.5pt;">2</span><span style=""> </span>membentuk larutan berwarna merah, bersifat kurang aktif dibandingkan dengan klor tetapi lebih reaktif dari iodium.</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b>4. Iodium<o:p></o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">Ditemukan oleh <b>Courtois</b> pada tahun 1811. Merupakan unsur nonlogam. Padatan mengkilap berwarna hitam kebiruan. Dapat menguap pada temperatur biasa membentuk gas berwarna ungu-biru berbau tidak enak (perih). Di alam ditemukan dalam air laut (air asin) garam chili, dll. Unsur halogen ini larut baik dalam CHCl<span style="position: relative; top: 3.5pt;">3</span>, CCl<span style="position: relative; top: 3.5pt;">4</span>, dan CS<span style="position: relative; top: 3.5pt;">2</span><span style=""> </span>tetapi sedikit sekali larut dalam air. Dikenal ada 23 isotop dan hanya satu yang stabil yaitu <span style="position: relative; top: -4pt;">127</span>I yang ditemukan di alam. Kristal iodin dapat melukai kulit, sedangkan uapnya dapat melukai mata dan selaput lendir.</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b>5. Astatin<o:p></o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 8.5pt;">Merupakan unsur radioaktif pertama yang dibuat sebagai hasil pemboman Bismuth dengan partikel-partikel alfa (hasil sintesa tahun 1940) oleh <b>DR. Corson, K.R. Mackenzie dan E. Segre.</b> Dikenal ada 20 isotop dari astatin, dan isotop At(210) mempunyai waktu paruh 8,3 jam (terpanjang). Astatin lebih logam disbanding iodium. Sifat kimianya mirip iodium, dapat membentuk senyawa antar halogen (AtI, AtBr, AtCl), tetapi belum bisa diketahui apakah At dapat membentuk molekul diatom seperti unsur halogen lainnya. Senyawa yang berhasil dideteksi adalah HAt dan CH<span style="position: relative; top: 3.5pt;">3</span>At.</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <h2 style="margin-left: 0.25in;"><a name="_Toc231794451"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">B.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->SIFAT-SIFAT HALOGEN</a></h2> <p class="MsoNormal">Sifat fisika dan kimia halogen</p> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="margin-left: 1.4pt; border-collapse: collapse;" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"> <tbody><tr style="height: 14.55pt;"> <td style="border-style: solid none solid solid; border-color: gray -moz-use-text-color gray gray; border-width: 1pt medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 1.4pt; width: 2in; height: 14.55pt;" width="192"> <p class="MsoNormal">X<span style="position: relative; top: 3pt;">2<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: solid none solid solid; border-color: gray -moz-use-text-color gray gray; border-width: 1pt medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 1.4pt; width: 100.3pt; height: 14.55pt;" width="134"> <p class="MsoNormal">Fluor (F<span style="position: relative; top: 3pt;">2</span>)</p> </td> <td style="border-style: solid none solid solid; border-color: gray -moz-use-text-color gray gray; border-width: 1pt medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 1.4pt; width: 60.4pt; height: 14.55pt;" width="81"> <p class="MsoNormal">Klor (Cl<span style="position: relative; top: 3pt;">2</span>)</p> </td> <td style="border-style: solid none solid solid; border-color: gray -moz-use-text-color gray gray; border-width: 1pt medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 1.4pt; width: 58.6pt; height: 14.55pt;" width="78"> <p class="MsoNormal">Brom (Br<span style="position: relative; top: 3pt;">2</span>)</p> </td> <td style="border: 1pt solid gray; padding: 1.4pt; width: 69.45pt; height: 14.55pt;" width="93"> <p class="MsoNormal">Iodium (I<span style="position: relative; top: 3pt;">2</span>)</p> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 14.55pt;"> <td style="border-style: none none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color gray gray; border-width: medium medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 1.4pt; width: 2in; height: 14.55pt;" width="192"> <p class="MsoNormal">1. Molekulnya</p> </td> <td colspan="4" style="border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color gray gray; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 1.4pt; width: 288.75pt; height: 14.55pt;" width="385"> <p class="MsoNormal">Diatom</p> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 14.55pt;"> <td style="border-style: none none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color gray gray; border-width: medium medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 1.4pt; width: 2in; height: 14.55pt;" width="192"> <p class="NoSpacing">2. Wujud zat (suhu kamar)</p> </td> <td style="border-style: none none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color gray gray; border-width: medium medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 1.4pt; width: 100.3pt; height: 14.55pt;" width="134"> <p class="MsoNormal">Gas</p> </td> <td style="border-style: none none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color gray gray; border-width: medium medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 1.4pt; width: 60.4pt; height: 14.55pt;" width="81"> <p class="MsoNormal">Gas</p> </td> <td style="border-style: none none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color gray gray; border-width: medium medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 1.4pt; width: 58.6pt; height: 14.55pt;" width="78"> <p class="MsoNormal">Cair</p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color gray gray; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 1.4pt; width: 69.45pt; height: 14.55pt;" width="93"> <p class="MsoNormal">Padat</p> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 14.55pt;"> <td style="border-style: none none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color gray gray; border-width: medium medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 1.4pt; width: 2in; height: 14.55pt;" width="192"> <p class="MsoNormal">3. Warna gas/uap</p> </td> <td style="border-style: none none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color gray gray; border-width: medium medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 1.4pt; width: 100.3pt; height: 14.55pt;" width="134"> <p class="MsoNormal">Kuning muda</p> </td> <td style="border-style: none none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color gray gray; border-width: medium medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 1.4pt; width: 60.4pt; height: 14.55pt;" width="81"> <p class="MsoNormal">Kuning hijau</p> </td> <td style="border-style: none none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color gray gray; border-width: medium medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 1.4pt; width: 58.6pt; height: 14.55pt;" width="78"> <p class="MsoNormal">Coklat merah</p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color gray gray; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 1.4pt; width: 69.45pt; height: 14.55pt;" width="93"> <p class="MsoNormal">Ungu</p> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 14.55pt;"> <td style="border-style: none none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color gray gray; border-width: medium medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 1.4pt; width: 2in; height: 14.55pt;" width="192"> <p class="MsoNormal">4. Pelarutnya (organik)</p> </td> <td colspan="4" style="border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color gray gray; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 1.4pt; width: 288.75pt; height: 14.55pt;" width="385"> <p class="MsoNormal">CCl<span style="position: relative; top: 3pt;">4</span>, CS<span style="position: relative; top: 3pt;">2<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 14.55pt;"> <td style="border-style: none none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color gray gray; border-width: medium medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 1.4pt; width: 2in; height: 14.55pt;" width="192"> <p class="MsoNormal">5. Warna larutan (terhadap pelarut 4)</p> </td> <td style="border-style: none none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color gray gray; border-width: medium medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 1.4pt; width: 100.3pt; height: 14.55pt;" width="134"> <p class="MsoNormal">Tak berwarna</p> </td> <td style="border-style: none none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color gray gray; border-width: medium medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 1.4pt; width: 60.4pt; height: 14.55pt;" width="81"> <p class="MsoNormal">Tak berwarna</p> </td> <td style="border-style: none none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color gray gray; border-width: medium medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 1.4pt; width: 58.6pt; height: 14.55pt;" width="78"> <p class="MsoNormal">Coklat</p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color gray gray; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 1.4pt; width: 69.45pt; height: 14.55pt;" width="93"> <p class="MsoNormal">Ungu</p> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 14.55pt;"> <td style="border-style: none none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color gray gray; border-width: medium medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 1.4pt; width: 2in; height: 14.55pt;" width="192"> <p class="MsoNormal">6. Kelarutan oksidator</p> </td> <td colspan="4" rowspan="2" style="border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color gray gray; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 1.4pt; width: 288.75pt; height: 14.55pt;" width="385"> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal">(makin besar sesuai dengan arah panah)</p> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 14.55pt;"> <td style="border-style: none none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color gray gray; border-width: medium medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 1.4pt; width: 2in; height: 14.55pt;" width="192"> <p class="MsoNormal">7. Kereaktifan terhadap gas H<span style="position: relative; top: 3pt;">2<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 14.55pt;"> <td style="border-style: none none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color gray gray; border-width: medium medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 1.4pt; width: 2in; height: 14.55pt;" width="192"> <p class="MsoNormal">8. Reaksi pengusiran pada senyawa halogenida</p> </td> <td style="border-style: none none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color gray gray; border-width: medium medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 1.4pt; width: 100.3pt; height: 14.55pt;" width="134"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:line id="_x0000_s1026" style='position:absolute; left:0;text-align:left;flip:y;z-index:1;mso-position-horizontal-relative:text; mso-position-vertical-relative:text' from="53.1pt,25.9pt" to="69.7pt,26.25pt"> <v:stroke endarrow="block"/> </v:line><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="position: absolute; z-index: 1; left: 0px; margin-left: 70px; margin-top: 29px; width: 25px; height: 12px;"><img src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ADMINI%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image003.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1026" width="25" height="12"></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:line id="_x0000_s1027" style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;z-index:2; mso-position-horizontal-relative:text;mso-position-vertical-relative:text' from="97.6pt,71.05pt" to="115.6pt,71.05pt"> <v:stroke endarrow="block"/> </v:line><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="position: absolute; z-index: 2; left: 0px; margin-left: 129px; margin-top: 89px; width: 27px; height: 12px;"><img src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ADMINI%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image004.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1027" width="27" height="12"></span><!--[endif]-->X = Cl, Br, I<br /> F<span style="position: relative; top: 3pt;">2</span><span style=""> </span>+ 2KX <span style=""> </span>2KF X<span style="position: relative; top: 3pt;">2<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color gray gray; border-width: medium medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 1.4pt; width: 60.4pt; height: 14.55pt;" width="81"> <p class="MsoNormal">X = Br dan I<br /> Cl<span style="position: relative; top: 3pt;">2</span><span style=""> </span>+ 2KX 2KCl + X<span style="position: relative; top: 3pt;">2<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color gray gray; border-width: medium medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 1.4pt; width: 58.6pt; height: 14.55pt;" width="78"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:line id="_x0000_s1032" style='position:absolute; left:0;text-align:left;flip:y;z-index:7;mso-position-horizontal-relative:text; mso-position-vertical-relative:text' from=".6pt,50.05pt" to="17.9pt,51.4pt"> <v:stroke endarrow="block"/> </v:line><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="position: absolute; z-index: 7; left: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 61px; width: 26px; height: 12px;"><img src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ADMINI%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image005.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1032" width="26" height="12"></span><!--[endif]-->X = I<br /> Br<span style="position: relative; top: 3pt;">2</span><span style=""> </span>+ KX<span style=""> </span> <span style=""> </span>2KBr + X<span style="position: relative; top: 3pt;">2<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color gray gray; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 1.4pt; width: 69.45pt; height: 14.55pt;" width="93"> <p class="MsoNormal">Tidak dapat mengusir F, Cl, Br</p> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 14.55pt;"> <td style="border-style: none none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color gray gray; border-width: medium medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 1.4pt; width: 2in; height: 14.55pt;" width="192"> <p class="MsoNormal">9. Reaksi dengan logam (M)</p> </td> <td colspan="4" style="border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color gray gray; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 1.4pt; width: 288.75pt; height: 14.55pt;" width="385"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:line id="_x0000_s1031" style='position:absolute; left:0;text-align:left;flip:y;z-index:6;mso-position-horizontal-relative:text; mso-position-vertical-relative:text' from="56.6pt,7.45pt" to="74.1pt,8.05pt"> <v:stroke endarrow="block"/> </v:line><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="position: absolute; z-index: 6; left: 0px; margin-left: 74px; margin-top: 4px; width: 27px; height: 12px;"><img src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ADMINI%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image006.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1031" width="27" height="12"></span><!--[endif]-->2 M + nX<span style="position: relative; top: 3pt;">2</span><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>2MXn (n = valensi logam tertinggi)</p> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 14.55pt;"> <td style="border-style: none none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color gray gray; border-width: medium medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 1.4pt; width: 2in; height: 14.55pt;" width="192"> <p class="MsoNormal">10. Dengan basa kuat MOH (dingin)</p> </td> <td colspan="4" style="border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color gray gray; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 1.4pt; width: 288.75pt; height: 14.55pt;" width="385"> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:line id="_x0000_s1029" style='position:absolute; left:0;text-align:left;z-index:4' from="70.6pt,7.25pt" to="88.6pt,7.25pt"> <v:stroke endarrow="block"/> </v:line><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="position: absolute; z-index: 4; left: 0px; margin-left: 93px; margin-top: 4px; width: 27px; height: 12px;"><img src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ADMINI%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image004.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1029" width="27" height="12"></span><!--[endif]-->X<span style="position: relative; top: 3pt;">2</span><span style=""> </span>+ 2MOH<span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>MX + MXO + H<span style="position: relative; top: 3pt;">2</span>O (auto redoks)</p> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 14.55pt;"> <td style="border-style: none none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color gray gray; border-width: medium medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 1.4pt; width: 2in; height: 14.55pt;" width="192"> <p class="MsoNormal">11. Dengan basa kuat (panas)</p> </td> <td colspan="4" style="border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color gray gray; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 1.4pt; width: 288.75pt; height: 14.55pt;" width="385"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:line id="_x0000_s1028" style='position:absolute; left:0;text-align:left;flip:y;z-index:3;mso-position-horizontal-relative:text; mso-position-vertical-relative:text' from="70.6pt,5.8pt" to="86.7pt,6.75pt"> <v:stroke endarrow="block"/> </v:line><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="position: absolute; z-index: 3; left: 0px; margin-left: 93px; margin-top: 2px; width: 25px; height: 12px;"><img src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ADMINI%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image007.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1028" width="25" height="12"></span><!--[endif]-->3X<span style="position: relative; top: 3pt;">2</span><span style=""> </span>+ 6MOH<span style=""> </span> 5MX + MXO<span style="position: relative; top: 3pt;">3</span><span style=""> </span>+ 3H<span style="position: relative; top: 3pt;">2</span>O (auto redoks)</p> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 14.55pt;"> <td style="border-style: none none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color gray gray; border-width: medium medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 1.4pt; width: 2in; height: 14.55pt;" width="192"> <p class="MsoNormal">12. Pembentukan asam oksi</p> </td> <td colspan="4" style="border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color gray gray; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 1.4pt; width: 288.75pt; height: 14.55pt;" width="385"> <p class="MsoNormal">Membentuk asam oksi <i>kecuali</i> F</p> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 115.6pt;"> <td colspan="5" style="border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color gray gray; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 1.4pt; width: 432.75pt; height: 115.6pt;" width="577"> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;" align="left"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:line id="_x0000_s1036" style='position:absolute;z-index:11' from="42.35pt,73.75pt" to="78.35pt,73.75pt"> <v:stroke endarrow="block"/> </v:line><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="position: absolute; z-index: 11; margin-left: 55px; margin-top: 92px; width: 51px; height: 12px;"><img src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ADMINI%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image008.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1036" width="51" height="12"></span><!--[endif]--><i>Catatan :<br /> </i><br /> I<span style="position: relative; top: 3pt;">2</span><span style=""> </span>larut dalam KI membentuk garam poli iodida<br /> I<span style="position: relative; top: 3pt;">2</span>+K<span style=""> </span>Kl<span style="position: relative; top: 3pt;">3</span><br /> I<span style="position: relative; top: 3pt;">2</span><span style=""> </span>larut terhadap alkohol coklat</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;" align="left"><o:p> </o:p></p> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><b><o:p> </o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="">v<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b>Sifat Fizik<o:p></o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal">Sifat-sifat fizik halogen berubah secara beransur-ansur apabila menuruni kumpulan. Beberapa sifat fizik halogen ialah seperti:</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -27pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="">§<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Semua halogen adalah bukan logam. </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -27pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="">§<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Semua halogen wujud sebagai molekul dwiatom pada suhu bilik. </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -27pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="">§<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Warna elemen-elemen kumpulan VII semakin gelap apabila menuruni kumpulan. </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -27pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="">§<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->F = gas kuning pucat </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -27pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="">§<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Cl= gas kuning kehijauan </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -27pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="">§<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Br= cair merah gelap (dengan asap merah) </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -27pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="">§<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->I = pejal kelabu kehitaman (menjalani pemejalapan kepada asap ungu) </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -27pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="">§<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->ukuran atom (jari-jari atom) halogen semakin bertambah. </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -27pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="">§<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Sangat reaktif dan senang menjadi garam. Kereaktifan berkurang menuruni kumpulan. </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -27pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="">§<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Semua halogen mempunyai kekuatan yang rendah. Walau bagaimanapun, kekuatan halogen semakin bertambah apabila semakin menurun dalam system periodik unsur. </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -27pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="">§<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Semua halogen mempunyai titik lebur dan titik didih yang rendah kerana molekul-molekul halogen ditarik bersama oleh daya Van der Waals yang lemah dan hanya sedikit tenaga diperlukan untuk mengatasinya. Semakin ke bawah, titik lebur dan titik didih halogen meningkat. </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -27pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="">§<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Kekuatan pengoksidaan halogen berkurang menuruni kumpulan. </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -27pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="">§<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Semua halogen tidak boleh mengalirkan listrik.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt;"><span style=""> </span></p> <table class="MsoTableGrid" style="border: medium none ; margin-left: 5.4pt; border-collapse: collapse;" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"> <tbody><tr style=""> <td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.75in;" valign="top" width="168"> <p class="MsoNormal">Unsur</p> </td> <td style="border-style: solid solid solid none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <p class="MsoNormal">F</p> </td> <td style="border-style: solid solid solid none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <p class="MsoNormal">Cl</p> </td> <td style="border-style: solid solid solid none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 80.55pt;" valign="top" width="107"> <p class="MsoNormal">Br</p> </td> <td style="border-style: solid solid solid none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 68.85pt;" valign="top" width="92"> <p class="MsoNormal">I</p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.75in;" valign="top" width="168"> <p class="MsoNormal">Jari-iari atom (nm)</p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <p class="MsoNormal">0.071</p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <p class="MsoNormal">0.099</p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 80.55pt;" valign="top" width="107"> <p class="MsoNormal">0.144</p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 68.85pt;" valign="top" width="92"> <p class="MsoNormal">0.133</p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.75in;" valign="top" width="168"> <p class="MsoNormal">Jari-jari ion (nm)</p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <p class="MsoNormal">0.133</p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <p class="MsoNormal">0.180</p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 80.55pt;" valign="top" width="107"> <p class="MsoNormal">0.195</p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 68.85pt;" valign="top" width="92"> <p class="MsoNormal">0.215</p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.75in;" valign="top" width="168"> <p class="MsoNormal">Keelektronegatifan</p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <p class="MsoNormal">4.0</p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <p class="MsoNormal">3.0</p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 80.55pt;" valign="top" width="107"> <p class="MsoNormal">2.8</p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 68.85pt;" valign="top" width="92"> <p class="MsoNormal">2.5</p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.75in;" valign="top" width="168"> <p class="MsoNormal">Titik lebur (<span style="position: relative; top: -4pt;">o</span>C)</p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <p class="MsoNormal">-220</p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <p class="MsoNormal">-220</p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 80.55pt;" valign="top" width="107"> <p class="MsoNormal">-7</p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 68.85pt;" valign="top" width="92"> <p class="MsoNormal">114</p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.75in;" valign="top" width="168"> <p class="MsoNormal">Titik didih (<span style="position: relative; top: -4pt;">o</span>C)</p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <p class="MsoNormal">-188</p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <p class="MsoNormal">-35</p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 80.55pt;" valign="top" width="107"> <p class="MsoNormal">59</p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 68.85pt;" valign="top" width="92"> <p class="MsoNormal">184</p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.75in;" valign="top" width="168"> <p class="MsoNormal">No atom</p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <p class="MsoNormal">9</p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <p class="MsoNormal">17</p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 80.55pt;" valign="top" width="107"> <p class="MsoNormal">35</p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 68.85pt;" valign="top" width="92"> <p class="MsoNormal">53</p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.75in;" valign="top" width="168"> <p class="MsoNormal">Konfigurasi elektron</p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <p class="MsoNormal">[He]2S<sup>2</sup>2P<sup>5</sup></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <p class="MsoNormal">[Ne]3S<sup>2</sup>3P<sup>5</sup></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 80.55pt;" valign="top" width="107"> <p class="MsoNormal">[Ar]4S<sup>2</sup>4P<sup>5</sup></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 68.85pt;" valign="top" width="92"> <p class="MsoNormal">[Kr]5S<sup>2</sup>5P<sup>5</sup></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.75in;" valign="top" width="168"> <p class="MsoNormal">Potensial pengion</p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <p class="MsoNormal">17,42</p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <p class="MsoNormal">18,01</p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 80.55pt;" valign="top" width="107"> <p class="MsoNormal">11,84</p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 68.85pt;" valign="top" width="92"> <p class="MsoNormal">11,84</p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.75in;" valign="top" width="168"> <p class="MsoNormal">Potensial reduksi</p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <p class="MsoNormal">+2,87</p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <p class="MsoNormal">+2,86</p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 80.55pt;" valign="top" width="107"> <p class="MsoNormal">+1,09</p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 68.85pt;" valign="top" width="92"> <p class="MsoNormal">+0,54</p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.75in;" valign="top" width="168"> <p class="MsoNormal">bilok</p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <p class="MsoNormal">-1;0</p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <p class="MsoNormal">-1;0;1;3;5;7</p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 80.55pt;" valign="top" width="107"> <p class="MsoNormal">-1;0;1;5</p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 68.85pt;" valign="top" width="92"> <p class="MsoNormal">-1;0;1;5</p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.75in;" valign="top" width="168"> <p class="MsoNormal">Afinitas elektron</p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <p class="MsoNormal">19,5</p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <p class="MsoNormal">83,4</p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 80.55pt;" valign="top" width="107"> <p class="MsoNormal">77,3</p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 68.85pt;" valign="top" width="92"> <p class="MsoNormal">70,5</p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.75in;" valign="top" width="168"> <p class="MsoNormal">Massa atom relatif</p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <p class="MsoNormal">18,9984</p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <p class="MsoNormal">35,453</p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 80.55pt;" valign="top" width="107"> <p class="MsoNormal">79,904</p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 68.85pt;" valign="top" width="92"> <p class="MsoNormal">126,9045</p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.75in;" valign="top" width="168"> <p class="MsoNormal">Kerapatan cairan(gcm-3)</p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <p class="MsoNormal">1,1</p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <p class="MsoNormal">1,5</p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 80.55pt;" valign="top" width="107"> <p class="MsoNormal">3,2</p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 68.85pt;" valign="top" width="92"> <p class="MsoNormal">4,9</p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.75in;" valign="top" width="168"> <p class="MsoNormal">Entalpi penguapan(kjmol-1)</p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <p class="MsoNormal">3,3</p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <p class="MsoNormal">10</p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 80.55pt;" valign="top" width="107"> <p class="MsoNormal">15</p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 68.85pt;" valign="top" width="92"> <p class="MsoNormal">21</p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.75in;" valign="top" width="168"> <p class="MsoNormal">Energi ionisasi</p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <p class="MsoNormal">1686</p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <p class="MsoNormal">1266</p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 80.55pt;" valign="top" width="107"> <p class="MsoNormal">1146</p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 68.85pt;" valign="top" width="92"> <p class="MsoNormal">1016</p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.75in;" valign="top" width="168"> <p class="MsoNormal">Keelektronegatifan</p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <p class="MsoNormal">4</p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <p class="MsoNormal">3</p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 80.55pt;" valign="top" width="107"> <p class="MsoNormal">2,8</p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 68.85pt;" valign="top" width="92"> <p class="MsoNormal">2,5</p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.75in;" valign="top" width="168"> <p class="MsoNormal">Jari-jari kovalen/pm</p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <p class="MsoNormal">72</p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <p class="MsoNormal">99</p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 80.55pt;" valign="top" width="107"> <p class="MsoNormal">114</p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 68.85pt;" valign="top" width="92"> <p class="MsoNormal">133</p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.75in;" valign="top" width="168"> <p class="MsoNormal">Entalpi hidrasi X-(kjmol-1)</p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <p class="MsoNormal">401</p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <p class="MsoNormal">279</p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 80.55pt;" valign="top" width="107"> <p class="MsoNormal">243</p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 68.85pt;" valign="top" width="92"> <p class="MsoNormal">201</p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.75in;" valign="top" width="168"> <p class="MsoNormal">Daya hantar molarion X-</p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <p class="MsoNormal">44,4</p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <p class="MsoNormal">76,4</p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 80.55pt;" valign="top" width="107"> <p class="MsoNormal">78,3</p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 68.85pt;" valign="top" width="92"> <p class="MsoNormal">76,8</p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.75in;" valign="top" width="168"> <p class="MsoNormal">Kalor disosiasi(kj/mol)</p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <p class="MsoNormal">158</p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <p class="MsoNormal">242</p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 80.55pt;" valign="top" width="107"> <p class="MsoNormal">193</p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 68.85pt;" valign="top" width="92"> <p class="MsoNormal">151</p> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="">v<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b>Sifat Kimia<o:p></o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 8.65pt;">Dalam membincangkan sifat kimiahalogen, kadangkala fluorin dan astatin diabaikan. Hal ini demikian kerana semua isotop astatin adalah bahan radioaktif. Fluorin juga mempunyai sifat-sifat anomali karena ukurannya yang kecil dan keelektronegatifannya yang tinggi.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 8.5pt;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <h2 style="margin-left: 0.25in;"><a name="_Toc231794452"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">C.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->OKSIDA HALOGEN</a></h2> <p class="MsoNormal">Beberapa oksida halogen:</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 56.7pt; text-indent: -2.7pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Oksida dari fluor: O<sub>2</sub>F<sub>2</sub>, OF<sub>2</sub></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 56.7pt; text-indent: -2.7pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Oksida dari klor : Cl<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>, ClO<sub>2</sub>, Cl<sub>2</sub>O<sub>6</sub>, Cl<sub>2</sub>O<sub>7</sub></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 56.7pt; text-indent: -2.7pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Oksida dari brom : Br<sub>2</sub>O, BrO<sub>2</sub>. BrO3</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 56.7pt; text-indent: -2.7pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Oksida dari yod : I<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>, I<sub>4</sub>O<sub>8</sub>, I<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 27pt;">Kecuali yod (V) oksida semua senyawa diatas tidak stabil jika dipanaskan. I<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub><span style=""> </span>hanya dapat terurai diatas suhu 300Oc.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 45pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="">v<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Monooksida OF<sub>2</sub>, Cl<sub>2</sub>O, dan Br<sub>2</sub>O.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 45pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="">v<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Dioksida , ClO<sub>2</sub>, BrO<sub>2</sub>, dan I<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>. </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <h2 style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;"><a name="_Toc231794453"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">D.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->AUTO OKSIDASI REDUKSI ATAU DISDROPORSIONASI</a></h2> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 8.5pt;">Auto oksidasi reduksi atau disdroporsionasi adalah senyawa halogen yang reaksinya berkawanan dilingkungan asam dan basa. Iod stabil dilingkungan asam akan tetapi dapat berubah menjadi iodat dalam suasana basa.</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:line id="_x0000_s1030" style='position:absolute; left:0;text-align:left;z-index:5' from="67.5pt,7pt" to="94.5pt,7pt"> <v:stroke endarrow="block"/> </v:line><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="position: absolute; z-index: 5; left: 0px; margin-left: 89px; margin-top: 3px; width: 39px; height: 12px;"><img src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ADMINI%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image009.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1030" width="39" height="12"></span><!--[endif]-->6I<sub>2</sub> +12OH<sup>- </sup><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>2IO<sub>3</sub><sup>- </sup>+ 10I<sup>-</sup> + 6H<sub>2</sub>O</p> <p class="MsoNormal">Pada reaksi ini iod (I2) dengan bilok= 0 teroksidasi menjadi iodat dengan bilok +5 dan tereduksi menjadi iodida (I<sup>-</sup>) dengan bilok = -1.<span style=""> </span></p> <h2 style="margin-left: 0.25in;"><a name="_Toc231794454"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">E.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->REAKSI HALOGEN DALAM LARUTAN AIR</a></h2> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 8.5pt;">Semua halogen larut dalam air dan membentuk asam halida dan asam hipohalida. Fluor bereaksi sempurna dengan air. Berbeda dari Cl2, Br2, dan I2, fluor sangat cepat bereaksi dengan air menghasilkan O2 dan HF.</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:line id="_x0000_s1033" style='position:absolute; left:0;text-align:left;z-index:8' from="108pt,7.75pt" to="135pt,7.75pt"> <v:stroke endarrow="block"/> </v:line><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="position: absolute; z-index: 8; left: 0px; margin-left: 143px; margin-top: 4px; width: 39px; height: 12px;"><img src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ADMINI%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image009.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1033" width="39" height="12"></span><!--[endif]-->Air khlor: Cl2 + H<sub>2</sub>O<span style=""> </span>HCL + HClO</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:line id="_x0000_s1034" style='position:absolute; left:0;text-align:left;z-index:9' from="108pt,7.3pt" to="135pt,7.3pt"> <v:stroke endarrow="block"/> </v:line><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="position: absolute; z-index: 9; left: 0px; margin-left: 143px; margin-top: 4px; width: 39px; height: 12px;"><img src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ADMINI%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image010.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1034" width="39" height="12"></span><!--[endif]-->Air Brom: Br<sub>2</sub> +H<sub>2</sub>O<span style=""> </span>HBr + HBrO</p> <p class="MsoNormal">Garam halida larut dalam air kecuali Ag<sup>+</sup>, Pb<sup>+</sup>, dan Hg<sup>2+.</sup> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:line id="_x0000_s1039" style='position:absolute; left:0;text-align:left;flip:x;z-index:14' from="78.75pt,40.5pt" to="96.75pt,58.5pt"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="position: absolute; z-index: 14; left: 0px; margin-left: 104px; margin-top: 53px; width: 26px; height: 26px;"><img src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ADMINI%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image011.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1039" width="26" height="26"></span><!--[endif]-->Bila diteteskan NH<sub>4</sub>OH, AgCl akan larut , AgBr sedikit larut, tetapi AgI tidak larut. Air khlor juga dapat dipakai menunjukan halogen.</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:line id="_x0000_s1038" style='position:absolute; left:0;text-align:left;z-index:13' from="76.5pt,7.35pt" to="103.5pt,7.35pt"> <v:stroke endarrow="block"/> </v:line><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="position: absolute; z-index: 13; left: 0px; margin-left: 101px; margin-top: 4px; width: 39px; height: 12px;"><img src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ADMINI%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image012.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1038" width="39" height="12"></span><!--[endif]-->Air khlor + Cl<sup> -<o:p></o:p></sup></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:line id="_x0000_s1042" style='position:absolute; left:0;text-align:left;z-index:17' from="146.25pt,7.65pt" to="173.25pt,7.65pt"> <v:stroke endarrow="block"/> </v:line><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="position: absolute; z-index: 17; left: 0px; margin-left: 194px; margin-top: 4px; width: 39px; height: 12px;"><img src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ADMINI%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image013.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1042" width="39" height="12"></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:line id="_x0000_s1040" style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;z-index:15' from="81pt,6.9pt" to="108pt,6.9pt"> <v:stroke endarrow="block"/> </v:line><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="position: absolute; z-index: 15; left: 0px; margin-left: 107px; margin-top: 3px; width: 39px; height: 12px;"><img src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ADMINI%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image013.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1040" width="39" height="12"></span><!--[endif]-->Air khlor + Br<sup>-<span style=""> </span></sup>Br<sub>2 </sub><span style=""> </span>merah coklat, sedikit ;arut dalam</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:line id="_x0000_s1041" style='position:absolute; left:0;text-align:left;z-index:16' from="2in,7.2pt" to="171pt,7.2pt"> <v:stroke endarrow="block"/> </v:line><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="position: absolute; z-index: 16; left: 0px; margin-left: 191px; margin-top: 4px; width: 39px; height: 12px;"><img src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ADMINI%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image014.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1041" width="39" height="12"></span><!--[endif]--><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>Cs<sub>2</sub><span style=""> </span>coklat</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:line id="_x0000_s1044" style='position:absolute; left:0;text-align:left;z-index:19' from="137.25pt,7.5pt" to="164.25pt,7.5pt"> <v:stroke endarrow="block"/> </v:line><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="position: absolute; z-index: 19; left: 0px; margin-left: 182px; margin-top: 4px; width: 39px; height: 12px;"><img src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ADMINI%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image012.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1044" width="39" height="12"></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:line id="_x0000_s1043" style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;z-index:18' from="73.5pt,6pt" to="100.5pt,6pt"> <v:stroke endarrow="block"/> </v:line><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="position: absolute; z-index: 18; left: 0px; margin-left: 97px; margin-top: 2px; width: 39px; height: 12px;"><img src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ADMINI%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image012.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1043" width="39" height="12"></span><!--[endif]-->Air khlor + I<sup>- </sup><span style=""> </span>I<sub>2 </sub><span style=""> </span>merah coklat. Larut dalam</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:line id="_x0000_s1045" style='position:absolute; left:0;text-align:left;z-index:20' from="140.25pt,6.3pt" to="167.25pt,6.3pt"> <v:stroke endarrow="block"/> </v:line><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="position: absolute; z-index: 20; left: 0px; margin-left: 186px; margin-top: 2px; width: 39px; height: 12px;"><img src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ADMINI%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image009.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1045" width="39" height="12"></span><!--[endif]--><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>Cs<sub>2</sub><span style=""> </span>ungu</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:line id="_x0000_s1048" style='position:absolute; left:0;text-align:left;z-index:23' from="212.25pt,8.1pt" to="239.25pt,8.1pt"> <v:stroke endarrow="block"/> </v:line><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="position: absolute; z-index: 23; left: 0px; margin-left: 282px; margin-top: 5px; width: 39px; height: 12px;"><img src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ADMINI%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image012.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1048" width="39" height="12"></span><!--[endif]--><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>Atau dengan kanji <span style=""> </span>biru</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">Brom dan iod dapat larut dalam<span style=""> </span>pelarut non polar, seperti alcohol CCl<sub>4</sub>, CHCl<sub>3</sub>, dan CS<sub>2</sub>.<span style=""> </span>salah satu sifat HF yang paling penting adalah HF dalam benruk ga atau larutan akan bereaksi dengan SiO<sub>2</sub> sehingga dalam penyimpanannya harus disimpan dalam plastic teflan dan tidak dalam kaca.</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:line id="_x0000_s1046" style='position:absolute; left:0;text-align:left;z-index:21' from="69.75pt,6.6pt" to="96.75pt,6.6pt"> <v:stroke endarrow="block"/> </v:line><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="position: absolute; z-index: 21; left: 0px; margin-left: 92px; margin-top: 3px; width: 39px; height: 12px;"><img src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ADMINI%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image012.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1046" width="39" height="12"></span><!--[endif]-->4 HF +SiO<sub>3 </sub><span style=""> </span>SiF<sub>4</sub> + 2H<sub>2</sub>O</p> <p class="MsoNormal">Karena itu HF dipakai untuk mengetsa kaca.</p> <table class="MsoTableGrid" style="border: medium none ; margin-left: 5.4pt; border-collapse: collapse;" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"> <tbody><tr style=""> <td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 27pt;" valign="top" width="36"> <p class="MsoNormal">No </p> </td> <td style="border-style: solid solid solid none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.6in;" valign="top" width="154"> <p class="MsoNormal">UNSUR </p> </td> <td style="border-style: solid solid solid none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 55.8pt;" valign="top" width="74"> <p class="MsoNormal">HF</p> </td> <td style="border-style: solid solid solid none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 63pt;" valign="top" width="84"> <p class="MsoNormal">HCl</p> </td> <td style="border-style: solid solid solid none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 63pt;" valign="top" width="84"> <p class="MsoNormal">HBr</p> </td> <td style="border-style: solid solid solid none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.75in;" valign="top" width="72"> <p class="MsoNormal">HI</p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 27pt;" valign="top" width="36"> <p class="MsoNormal">1</p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.6in;" valign="top" width="154"> <p class="MsoNormal">Wujud zat</p> </td> <td colspan="4" rowspan="2" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 235.8pt;" valign="top" width="314"> <p class="MsoNormal">Gas </p> <p class="MsoNormal">Air </p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 27pt;" valign="top" width="36"> <p class="MsoNormal">2</p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.6in;" valign="top" width="154"> <p class="MsoNormal">Pelarut </p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 27pt;" valign="top" width="36"> <p class="MsoNormal">3</p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.6in;" valign="top" width="154"> <p class="MsoNormal">Sifat reduktor</p> </td> <td colspan="4" rowspan="2" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 235.8pt;" valign="top" width="314"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:line id="_x0000_s1047" style='position:absolute; left:0;text-align:left;z-index:22;mso-position-horizontal-relative:text; mso-position-vertical-relative:text' from="82.8pt,6.3pt" to="109.8pt,6.3pt"> <v:stroke endarrow="block"/> </v:line><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="position: absolute; z-index: 22; left: 0px; margin-left: 109px; margin-top: 2px; width: 39px; height: 12px;"><img src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ADMINI%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image015.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1047" width="39" height="12"></span><!--[endif]-->Makin kuat<span style=""> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:line id="_x0000_s1049" style='position:absolute; left:0;text-align:left;z-index:24' from="77.35pt,6.7pt" to="104.35pt,6.7pt"> <v:stroke endarrow="block"/> </v:line><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="position: absolute; z-index: 24; left: 0px; margin-left: 102px; margin-top: 3px; width: 39px; height: 12px;"><img src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ADMINI%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image012.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1049" width="39" height="12"></span><!--[endif]-->Makin kuat </p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 27pt;" valign="top" width="36"> <p class="MsoNormal">4</p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.6in;" valign="top" width="154"> <p class="MsoNormal">Keasaman</p> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <h2 style="margin-left: 0.25in;"><a name="_Toc231794455"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">F.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->SENYAWA ANTAR HALOGEN</a></h2> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 8.5pt;">Halogen dapat membentuk empat macam senyawa antar halogen. XX<sup>1</sup>, XX<sup>1</sup><sub>3</sub>, XX<sup>1</sup><sub>5</sub>, XX<sup>1</sup><sub>7</sub>. senyawa ini dapat dibuat dengan mereaksikan langsung unsur-unsur tersebut dalam tabung nikel.contoh senyawa anatar halogen:</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->CIF gas tidak berwarna,</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->CIF<sub>3</sub> gas tidak berwarna,</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->CIF<sub>5</sub> gas tidak berwarna,</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->BrF gas berwarna merah,</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->BrF<sub>3</sub> cairan tidak berwarna,</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->BrF<sub>5</sub> cairan tidak berwarna.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->BrCl gas berwarna merah,</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->IF<sub>3</sub> padatan berwarna kuning,</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->IF<sub>5</sub> cairan tidak berwarna,</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->ICl cairan berwarna tua, kristal hiotam,</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->ICl<sub>3 </sub>padatan kuning,</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->IBr padatan coklat-hitam.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 9pt;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <h2 style="margin-left: 0.25in;"><a name="_Toc231794456"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">G.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->HUBUNGAN PERIODIK ANTAR HALOGEN</a></h2> <p class="MsoNormal">Hubungan periodic antar halogen dapat dilihat pada table berikut.</p> <table class="MsoTableGrid" style="border: medium none ; margin-left: 5.4pt; border-collapse: collapse;" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"> <tbody><tr style=""> <td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"> <p class="MsoNormal">Energi ionisasi (EI) (kj/mol)</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:line id="_x0000_s1035" style='position:absolute; left:0;text-align:left;z-index:10' from="30.6pt,6.55pt" to="48.6pt,6.55pt"> <v:stroke endarrow="block"/> </v:line><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="position: absolute; z-index: 10; left: 0px; margin-left: 40px; margin-top: 3px; width: 27px; height: 12px;"><img src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ADMINI%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image016.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1035" width="27" height="12"></span><!--[endif]--><span style=""> </span>X(g)<span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>X<sup>+</sup>(g)+ e </p> </td> <td style="border-style: solid solid solid none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 4.25in;" valign="top" width="408"> <p class="MsoNormal">F(1686)>Cl(1262)> Br(1146)>I(1016)</p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"> <p class="MsoNormal">Potensial elektroda (V)</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:line id="_x0000_s1037" style='position:absolute; left:0;text-align:left;flip:y;z-index:12' from="52.5pt,6.15pt" to="70.25pt,6.6pt"> <v:stroke endarrow="block"/> </v:line><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="position: absolute; z-index: 12; left: 0px; margin-left: 69px; margin-top: 2px; width: 27px; height: 12px;"><img src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ADMINI%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image017.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1037" width="27" height="12"></span><!--[endif]-->X<sub>2</sub>(aq)+2e <span style=""> </span>2X<sup>-</sup>(aq)</p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 4.25in;" valign="top" width="408"> <p class="MsoNormal">F<sub>2</sub>(+2,87)> Cl<sub>2</sub>(+1,36)> Br<sub>2</sub>(+1,07)> I(+0,54)</p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"> <p class="MsoNormal">Kereaktifan terhadap unsur lain</p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 4.25in;" valign="top" width="408"> <p class="MsoNormal">F<sub>2</sub>> Cl<sub>2</sub>> Br<sub>2</sub>> I<sub>2</sub></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"> <p class="MsoNormal">Kebebasan X-</p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 4.25in;" valign="top" width="408"> <p class="MsoNormal">F<sup>-</sup>> Cl<sup>-</sup>> Br<sup>-</sup>> I<sup>-</sup></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"> <p class="MsoNormal">Keelektronegatifan</p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 4.25in;" valign="top" width="408"> <p class="MsoNormal">F(4)>Cl(3)> Br(2,8)> I(2,5)</p> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <h2 style="margin-left: 13.5pt;"><a name="_Toc231794457"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">H.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->ASAM OKSI</a></h2> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 8.5pt;">Asam oksi adalah halogen yang mengandung oksigen. Hamya fluor yang tidak bias membentuk asam oksi. Misalnya HClO, HClO<sub>2</sub>,HClO<sub>3</sub>, HClO<sub>4</sub>. Makin banyak atom oksigen yang terikat pada atom Cl, makin lemah ikatan H-O makin kuat asam tersebut. HClO< HClO<sub>2</sub>< HClO<sub>3</sub>< HClO<sub>4</sub></p> <p class="MsoNormal">Ion Cl mempunyai bilok yang cukup banyak (hal ini di sebabkan oleh afinitas elektron dari atom Cl yang sangat tinggi.<span style=""> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <h2 style="margin-left: 0.25in;"><a name="_Toc231794458"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">I.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->SENYAWA FLUORIDA</a></h2> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">Senyawa fluoride banyak digunakan dalam industri. <span style=""> </span>Fluorospar, CaF<sub>2</sub> digunakan dalam<span style=""> </span>jumlah yang besar diindustri baja. Sebagai fluks fluoride dapat berfungsi dengan baik sehingga oksida leburan lebih efisiensi dan dapat memecah terak polimer yang kental. Fluoride seperti CaF<sub>2</sub> dapat menimbulkan polusi. Polusi udara dari partikrl fliorida<span style=""> </span>biasanya berasal dari industri alumunium, bata, genteng dan bubuk fosfat.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span dir="ltr">Jika terus menerus untuk waktu yang lama seseorang menyentuh ion F<sup>-</sup>di atas 6 ppm, dapat menderita keracunan fluorosis<span style=""> </span>yang merusak tulang dan gigi. Di beberapa Negara ion F<sup>-</sup> di tambah kedalam air PAM sehingga ion F<sup>- </sup><span style=""> </span>mencapai 1 ppm. Fluorida yang digunakan adalahNaF, HF, CaF<sub>2</sub> (dengan Al<sup>3+</sup>). Untuk meningkatkan kualitas email gigi<span style=""> </span>pasta gigi di tambah SnF<sub>2</sub>, atau NaF. Email gigi mengandung hidroksi apatit 3 Ca<sub>3</sub>(PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>.Ca(OH)<sub>2</sub> dan sebagian melindungi karbonat. Sisa makanan yang membusuk dapat menghasilkan asam yang dapat merusak OH<sup>-</sup> dari apatit.<span style=""> </span>Dengan adanya ion F<sup>-</sup><span style=""> </span>pada gigi ank-anak terbentuk fluorapatit yang tahan asam dan kuat. Daun the dapat mengandung ion F<sup>-</sup> , sampai 100 ppm, dan satu cangkir teh dapat mangandung 1 ppm F<sup>-</sup>.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span dir="ltr"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <h2 style="margin-left: 0.25in;"><a name="_Toc231794459"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">J.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->IKATAN OKSIDA</a></h2> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.2pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam ikatan pengoksidaan, halogen bertukar dari X<span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 150%; position: relative; top: 3.5pt;">2</span><span style=""> </span>kepada X<span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 150%; position: relative; top: -4pt;">-</span>(aq). Oleh kerana kekuatan pengoksidaan berkurangsemakin kebawah, satu halogen bisa memberikan halogen yang berada dibawahnya. Sebagai contoh, apabila Cl<span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 150%; position: relative; top: 3.5pt;">2</span><span style=""> </span>ditambah dalam larutan kalium bromida, KBr, dan kalium iodida, KI, berikatan yang berlaku adalah seperti berikut:</p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 35.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Cl<span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 150%; position: relative; top: 3.5pt;">2</span>(aq) + 2Br<span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 150%; position: relative; top: -4pt;">-</span>(aq) → 2Cl<span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 150%; position: relative; top: -4pt;">-</span>(aq) + Br<span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 150%; position: relative; top: 3.5pt;">2</span>(aq) </p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 35.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Cl<span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 150%; position: relative; top: 3.5pt;">2</span>(aq) + 2I<span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 150%; position: relative; top: -4pt;">-</span>(aq) → 2Cl<span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 150%; position: relative; top: -4pt;">-</span>(aq) + I<span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 150%; position: relative; top: 3.5pt;">2</span>(aq) </p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;">terdapat satu masalah - larutan halida tidak berwarna (larutan halogen yang cair juga kadang-kadang tidak berwarna). Untuk memudahkan pemerhatian dijalankan, biasanya sikloheksana ditambahkan. Halogen larut dengan lebih mudah dalam pelarut organik berbanding dalam bentuk akueus. dalam sikloheksana, bromin berwarna jingga terang manakala iodin ungu.</p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 150%;">Sebagai contoh, apabila air bromin dilarutkan dalam sikloheksana, warna jingga terang dapat dilihat. Apabila KI ditambahkan, warna jingga terang bertukar kepada ungu, tanda bahawa tindak balas penyesaran berlaku.</p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <h2 style="margin-left: 0.25in;"><a name="_Toc231794460"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">K.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->IKATAN DENGAN HIDROGEN</a></h2> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 150%;">Halogen berikatan dengan hidrogen untuk membentuk hidrogen halida.</p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;">H<span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 150%; position: relative; top: 3.5pt;">2</span><span style=""> </span>+ X<span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 150%; position: relative; top: 3.5pt;">2</span><span style=""> </span>→ 2HX (X mewakili satu-satu halogen)</p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 150%;">Kereaktifan ikatan<span style=""> </span>berkurang apabila semakin menurun kerana ukuran atom yang semakin besar. Hidrogen klorida meletup jika terkena sinaran ultraviolet tetapi H dan Br hanya akan berikatan dengan perlahan . Iodin juga akan berikatan dengan H jika diberikan energi, namun ikatan ini tidak lengkap.</p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 150%;">Corak kereaktifan ini dapat diterangkan dengan dua cara. Pertama, melalui ukuran atom halogen. Oleh kerana semua halogen berikatan dengan hidrogen, maka ukuran hidrogen adalah tetap. Semakin kebawah, ukuran atom semakin besar dengan pertambahan petala. Hal ini menyusahkan inti hidrogen berinteraksi dengan inti halogen untuk membentuk ikatan kovalen.</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <h2 style="margin-left: 0.25in;"><a name="_Toc231794461"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">L.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->REAKSI PENDESAKAN</a></h2> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">Berlangsungnya suatu reaksi tidak hanya ditentukan oleh potensial sel. Tetapi, berlangsung tidaknya suatu reaksi dapat dilihat dari reaksi pendesakkan halogen. Halogen yang terletak lebih atas dalam golongan VII A dalam keadaan diatomik mampu mendesak ion halogen dari garamnya yang terletak dibawahnya.</p> <p class="MsoNormal">Contoh: F<sub>2</sub> + 2KCl → 2KF + Cl<sub>2</sub></p> <p class="MsoNormal">Br<sup>-</sup> + Cl<sub>2</sub> → Br<sub>2</sub> + Cl<sup>‑</sup></p> <p class="MsoNormal">Br<sub>2</sub> + 2I<sup>-</sup> → Br<sup>-</sup> + I<sub>2</sub></p> <p class="MsoNormal">Br<sub>2</sub> + Cl<sup>-</sup> → (tidak bereaksi)</p> <p class="MsoNormal">I<sub>2</sub> + Br<sup>-</sup> → (tidak bereaksi)</p> <h2 style="margin-left: 0.25in;"><a name="_Toc231794462"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">M.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->DAYA PENGOKSIDASI</a></h2> <p class="MsoNormal">Data potensial reduksi:</p> <p class="MsoNormal">F<sub>2</sub> + 2e<sup>- </sup>→ 2F<sup>-</sup> E<sup>o</sup>= +2,87 Volt</p> <p class="MsoNormal">Cl<sub>2</sub> + 2e<sup>- </sup>→ 2Cl<sup>-</sup> E<sup>o</sup>= +1,36 Volt</p> <p class="MsoNormal">Br<sub>2 + 2e</sub><sup>- </sup>→ 2Br<sup>-</sup> E<sup>o</sup>= +1,06 Volt</p> <p class="MsoNormal">I<sub>2</sub> + 2e<sup>- </sup>→ 2I<sup>-</sup> E<sup>o</sup>= +0,54 Volt</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">Potensial reduksi F<sub>2</sub> paling besar sehingga akn mudah mengalami reduksi dan disebut oksidator terkuat. Sedangkan terlemah adalah I<sub>2</sub> karena memiliki potensial reduksi terkecil.</p> <p class="MsoNormal">Sifat oksidator: F2 > Cl2 > Br2 > I2</p> <p class="MsoNormal">Sifat reduktor : I- > Br- > Cl- > F-</p> <p class="MsoNormal">Reduktor terkuat akan mudah mengalami oksidasi mudah melepas elektron ion iodida paling mudah melepas electron sehingga bertindak sebagai reduktor kuat.</p> <h2 style="margin-left: 0.25in;"><a name="_Toc231794463"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">N.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->SIFAT ASAM</a></h2> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">Sifat asam yang dapat dibentuk dari unsur halogen, yaitu: asam halida, dan oksilhalida.</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b>a. Asam halida (HX)<o:p></o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal">Asam halida terdiri dari asam fluorida (HF), asam klorida (HCl), asam bromida (HBr), dan asam iodida (HI). Kekuatan asam halida bergantung pada kekuatan ikatan antara HX atau kemudahan senyawa halida untuk memutuskan ikatan antara HX.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">Dalam golongan VII A, semakin keatas ikatan antara atom HX semakin kuat. Urutan kekuatan asam :</p> <p class="MsoNormal">HF < HCl < HBr < HI </p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b>b. Titik didih asam halida<o:p></o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal">Titik didih dipengaruhi oleh massa atom relative (Mr) dan ikatan antar molekul :</p> <p class="MsoNormal">Semakin besar Mr maka titik didih semakin tinggi.</p> <p class="MsoNormal">Semakin kuat ikatan antarmolekul maka titik didih semakin tinggi.</p> <p class="MsoNormal">Pengurutan titik didih asam halida:</p> <p class="MsoNormal"> HF > Hi > HBr > HCl</p> <p class="MsoNormal">Pada senyawa HF, walaupun memiliki Mr terkecil tetapi memiliki ikatan antar molekul yang sangat kuat “ikatan hydrogen” sehingga titik didihnya paling tinggi.</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <h2 style="margin-left: 0.25in;"><a name="_Toc231794464"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">O.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->REAKSI DENGAN LOGAM</a></h2> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">Halogen bereaksi dengan sebagian besar logam menghasilkan senyawa garam/halida logam. </p> <p class="MsoNormal">2Na + Cl2 → NaCl</p> <p class="MsoNormal">2Fe + 3Cl2 → 2FeCl3</p> <p class="MsoNormal">Sn + 2Cl<sub>2</sub> → SnCl<sub>4</sub></p> <p class="MsoNormal">Mg + Cl<sub>2</sub> → MgCl<sub>2</sub></p> <p class="MsoNormal">2Al + 3Cl<sub>2</sub> → 2AlCl<sub>3</sub></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">Halida logam yang terbentuk bersifat ionic jika energi ionisasina rendah dan logamnya memiliki biloks rendah. Hamper semua halide bersifat ionik. Contoh Na<sup>+</sup>, Mg<sup>2+</sup>, Al<sup>3+</sup>. Sedangkan yang bersifat semi ionok adalah AlCl<sub>3</sub>.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <h2 style="margin-left: 0.25in;"><a name="_Toc231794465"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">P.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->REAKSI DENGAN NON LOGAM</a></h2> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">Halogen bereaksi dengan non-logam membentuk asam halida/senyawa halide. Halogen dapat bereaksi dengan oksigen,fosfor, dan beberapa unsur lain. Contoh : </p> <p class="MsoNormal">Xe + F2 → XeF2</p> <p class="MsoNormal">2Kr + 2F2 → KrF4</p> <p class="MsoNormal">2P + 3Cl<sub>2</sub> → 2PCl<sub>3<o:p></o:p></sub></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><sub><o:p> </o:p></sub></p> <h2 style="margin-left: 0.25in;"><a name="_Toc231794466"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">Q.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->REAKSI DENGAN UNSUR METALOID</a></h2> <p class="MsoNormal">2B +3Cl<sub>2</sub> → 2BCl<sub>3</sub></p> <p class="MsoNormal">2Si + 2Cl<sub>2</sub> → SiCl<sub>4</sub><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <h2 style="margin-left: 0.25in;"><a name="_Toc231794467"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">R.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->REAKSI DENGAN BASA</a></h2> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">Reaksi halogen dengan basa enser dingin menghasilkan halida ( X<sup>- </sup>) dan hipohalida ( XO<sup>- </sup>), sedangkan reaksi halogen dengan basa pekat panas menghasilkan halida ( X<sup>- </sup>) dan halat ( XO<sub>3</sub><sup>- </sup>). Contoh :</p> <p class="MsoNormal">X<sub>2 </sub>+ 2NaOH ( encer, dingin ) → NaX +NaXO + H<sub>2</sub>O ( X = Cl, Br, I )</p> <p class="MsoNormal">X<sub>2 </sub>+ 2NaOH ( pekat, dingin ) → NaX +NaXO + H<sub>2</sub>O ( X = Cl, Br, I )</p> <p class="MsoNormal">2F<sub>2 </sub>+ 2NaOH ( encer, dingin ) → 2NaF + OF<sub>2</sub> + H<sub>2</sub>O</p> <p class="MsoNormal">2F<sub>2 </sub>+ 2NaOH ( pekat, panas ) → NaX + O<sub>2</sub> + H<sub>2</sub>O</p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <h2 style="margin-left: 0.25in;"><a name="_Toc231794468"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">S.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->PROSES PEMBUATAN HALOGEN</a></h2> <ol style="margin-top: 0in;" start="1" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style=""><b><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">Pembuatan Halogen dalam Industri<o:p></o:p></span></b></li><ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="">Fluor (F<sub>2</sub>)</li></ul></ol> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.75in;">Elektrolisis KHF2, dalam HF bebas air.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.75in;">Fluor yang terbentuk dikompres kedalam tabung baja.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: 0.5in;">Flourin diperoleh melalui proses elektrolisis garam kalium hydrogen flourida (KHF<sub>2</sub>) dilarutkan dalam HF cair, ditambahkan LiF 3% untuk menurunkan suhu sampai 100<sup>o</sup>C. Elektrolisis dilaksanakan dalam wajah baj dengan katode baja dan anode karbon. Campuran tersebut tidak boleh mengandung air karena F<sub>2</sub>yang terbentukakan menoksidasinya.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.75in;">KHF<sub>2</sub> → K<sup>+</sup> + HF<sub>2</sub><sup>-</sup></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.75in;">HF<sub>2</sub> → H<sup>+</sup> + 2F<sup>-</sup></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.75in;">Katode : 2H<sup>+</sup> + 2e<sup>-</sup> → H<sub>2</sub></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.75in;">Anode : 2F<sup>-</sup> → F<sub>2</sub> + 2e<sup>-</sup></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: 0.5in;">Untuk mencegah kontak (reaksi) antara logam Na dan gas Cl<sub>2</sub> yang terbentuk digunakan diafragma berupa monel ( sejenis campuran logam ).</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.75in;"> </p> <ol style="margin-top: 0in;" start="1" type="1"><ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="">Klor(Cl<sub>2</sub>)</li></ul></ol> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 99pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">a.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Sel down : elektrolisi leburan natrium klorida</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 99pt;">Proses downs yaitu elektrolisis leburan NaCl (NaCl cair). Sebelum dicairkan, NaCl dicampurkan dahulu dengan sedikit NaF agar titik lebur turun dari 800<sup>o</sup>C menjadi 600<sup>o</sup>C.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 99pt;">Katode : Na<sup>+</sup> 2e<sup>-</sup> → Na</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 99pt;">Anode : 2Cl<sup>-</sup> → Cl<sub>2</sub> + 2e<sup>-</sup></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 99pt;">Untuk mencegah kontak (reaksi) antara logam Na dan Cl<sub>2</sub> yang tebentuk, digunakan diafragma lapisdan besi tipis.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 99pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">b.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Sel Castner-Kellner atau sel Billitar, elektrolisis larutan pekat NaCl.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 99pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">c.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Proses gibbs, yaitu elektrolisis larutan NaCl.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Katode : 2H<sub>2</sub>O + 2e<sup>-</sup> → 2OH<sup>-</sup> + H<sub>2</sub></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1in; text-indent: 27pt;">Anode : 2Cl<sup>-</sup> → Cl<sub>2</sub> + 2e<sup><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">-</span></sup></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 99pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">d.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Modifilasi proses Deacon</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1in;">Oksidasi gas HCl yang mengandung udara dengan menggunakan katalis tembaga.<span style=""> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1in;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:line id="_x0000_s1050" style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;z-index:25' from="139.5pt,7.1pt" to="166.5pt,7.1pt"> <v:stroke endarrow="block"/> </v:line><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="position: absolute; z-index: 25; left: 0px; margin-left: 185px; margin-top: 3px; width: 39px; height: 12px;"><img src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ADMINI%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image018.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1050" width="39" height="12"></span><!--[endif]-->4 HCl + O<sub>2</sub><span style=""> </span>2 Cl<sub>2</sub> + 2 H<sub>2</sub>O</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1in;">Berlangsung pada suhu ± 430<sup>o</sup>C dan tekanan 200 atm. Hasil reaksinya teercampur ± 44% N<sub>2</sub>.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1in;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <ol style="margin-top: 0in;" start="1" type="1"><ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="">Brom (Br<sub>2</sub>)</li></ul></ol> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 99pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">a)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Dalam ekstra KCl dan MgCl2 dari carnalite terdapat MgBr2 0,2%</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1in; text-indent: 27pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:line id="_x0000_s1051" style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;z-index:26' from="170.25pt,7.9pt" to="206.25pt,7.9pt"> <v:stroke endarrow="block"/> </v:line><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="position: absolute; z-index: 26; left: 0px; margin-left: 226px; margin-top: 5px; width: 51px; height: 12px;"><img src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ADMINI%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image019.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1051" width="51" height="12"></span><!--[endif]-->MgBr<sub>2</sub> + Cl<sub>2</sub><span style=""> </span>MgCl<sub>2 </sub>+ Br<sub>2</sub></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 99pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">b)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Air<span style=""> </span>laut disamakan dengan H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4 </sub>encer dan direaksikan dengan klor, penambahan asam dilakukan agar tidak terjadi hidrolisis. Dengan penghembusan udara diperoleh volume yang cukup besar yang mengandung brom kemudian dicampur dengan SO<sub>2</sub> dan uap air.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1in;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:line id="_x0000_s1052" style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;z-index:27' from="160.5pt,7.45pt" to="196.5pt,7.45pt"> <v:stroke endarrow="block"/> </v:line><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="position: absolute; z-index: 27; left: 0px; margin-left: 213px; margin-top: 4px; width: 51px; height: 12px;"><img src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ADMINI%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image020.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1052" width="51" height="12"></span><!--[endif]-->SO<sub>2</sub> + Br<sub>2</sub> + H<sub>2</sub>O<span style=""> </span>2 HBr + H2S04</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1in;">Kemudian direaksikan dengan Cl2</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1in;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:line id="_x0000_s1053" style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;z-index:28' from="141pt,5.8pt" to="177pt,5.8pt"> <v:stroke endarrow="block"/> </v:line><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="position: absolute; z-index: 28; left: 0px; margin-left: 187px; margin-top: 2px; width: 51px; height: 12px;"><img src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ADMINI%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image021.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1053" width="51" height="12"></span><!--[endif]-->2 HBr + Cl<sub>2</sub><span style=""> </span>2 HCl + Br<sub>2</sub></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1in;">Penyulingan dengan KBr dapat menghilangkan klor dan dengan penambahan KOH dapat menghilangkan I<sub>2</sub>.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1in;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:line id="_x0000_s1054" style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;z-index:29' from="137.25pt,6.75pt" to="173.25pt,6.75pt"> <v:stroke endarrow="block"/> </v:line><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="position: absolute; z-index: 29; left: 0px; margin-left: 182px; margin-top: 3px; width: 51px; height: 12px;"><img src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ADMINI%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image020.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1054" width="51" height="12"></span><!--[endif]-->Cl<sub>2</sub> + 2 KBr<span style=""> </span>2 KCl + Br<sub>2</sub></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1in;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:line id="_x0000_s1055" style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;z-index:30' from="126pt,6.3pt" to="162pt,6.3pt"> <v:stroke endarrow="block"/> </v:line><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="position: absolute; z-index: 30; left: 0px; margin-left: 167px; margin-top: 2px; width: 51px; height: 12px;"><img src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ADMINI%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image022.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1055" width="51" height="12"></span><!--[endif]--><span style=""> </span>I<sub>2</sub> + OH<sup>-</sup><span style=""> </span>I<sup>- </sup>+ OI<sup>- </sup>+ H<sub>2</sub>O</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1in;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <ol style="margin-top: 0in;" start="1" type="1"><ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="">Yod(I<sub>2</sub>)</li></ul></ol> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">a)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Garam chili mengandung NaIO<sub>3</sub> 0,2 %</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1in;">Setelah mengkristalkan NaNO<sub>3</sub>, filtrat yang mengandung IO<sup>-</sup><sub>3</sub> di tambah NaHSO<sub>3</sub> lalu di asamkan.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1in;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:line id="_x0000_s1057" style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;z-index:32' from="158.25pt,6.2pt" to="194.25pt,6.2pt"> <v:stroke endarrow="block"/> </v:line><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="position: absolute; z-index: 32; left: 0px; margin-left: 210px; margin-top: 2px; width: 51px; height: 12px;"><img src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ADMINI%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image022.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1057" width="51" height="12"></span><!--[endif]-->IO<sup>-</sup><sub>3 </sub>+3 HSO<sup>-</sup><sub>3</sub><span style=""> </span>I<sup>- </sup>+ 3 HSO<sup>-</sup><sub>4</sub></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1in;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:line id="_x0000_s1056" style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;z-index:31' from="175.5pt,4.25pt" to="202.5pt,4.25pt"> <v:stroke endarrow="block"/> </v:line><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="position: absolute; z-index: 31; left: 0px; margin-left: 233px; margin-top: 0px; width: 39px; height: 12px;"><img src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ADMINI%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image014.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1056" width="39" height="12"></span><!--[endif]-->5 I<sup>-</sup> + IO<sup>-</sup><sub>3 </sub><span style=""> </span>+ 6 H<sup>+</sup><span style=""> </span>3 I<sub>2</sub> + 3 H<sub>2</sub>O<span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">b)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Dari ganggang laut.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">c)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->2NaIO<sub>3</sub> + 5NaHSO<sub>3</sub> → 3NaHSO<sub>4</sub> + 2Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> + H<sub>2</sub>O + I<sub>2</sub> Atau :2IO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup> + 5HSO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup> → 5SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2-</sup> + 3H<sup>+</sup> + H<sub>2</sub>O +I<sub>2</sub></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in;">Endapan I<sub>2</sub> yang terbentuk disaring dan dimurnikan dengan cara sublimasi.</p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.75in;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <ol style="margin-top: 0in;" start="2" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style=""><b><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">Pembuatan HaLogen di Laboratorium<o:p></o:p></span></b></li></ol> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: 0.5in;">Di laboratorium, zat-zat kimia dibuat dalam jumlah seperlunya untuk digunakan eksperimen/praktikum dengan cara yang cepat dan alat yang sederhana. Klorin, bromin, dan iodine dapat dihasilkan dari oksidasi terhadap senyawa halida dengan oksidator MnO2 atau KMnO2 dalam lingkungan asam. Senyawa halide dicampurkan dengan MnO2 atau KMnO2 ditambahkan H2SO4 pekat, kemudian dipanaskan. Reaksi yang berlangsung secara umum :</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: 0.5in;">2X<sup>-</sup> + MnO<sub>2</sub> + 4H<sup>+</sup> → X<sub>2</sub> + Mn<sup>2+</sup> + 2H<sub>2</sub>O</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: 0.5in;">10X<sup>-</sup> + 2MnO<sub>4</sub><sup>-</sup> + 16H<sup>+</sup> → 5X<sub>2</sub> + 2Mn<sup>2+</sup> + 8H<sub>2</sub>O</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: 0.5in;"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: 0.5in;">Senyawa klorin juga dapat dibuat dalam skala labooratorium dengan cara :</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: 0.5in;">o Proses Weldon</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: 0.5in;">Dengan memanaskan campuran MnO<sub>2</sub>, H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>, dan NaCl</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: 0.5in;">Reaksi : MnO<sub>2</sub> + 2H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> + 2 NaCl → Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> + MnSO<sub>4</sub> + H<sub>2</sub>O + Cl<sub>2</sub></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: 0.5in;">o Mereaksikan CaOCl<sub>2</sub> dan H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: 0.5in;">CaOCl<sub>2</sub> + H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> → CaSO<sub>4</sub> + H<sub>2</sub>O + Cl<sub>2</sub></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: 0.5in;">o Mereaksikan KMnO<sub>4</sub> dan HCl</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: 0.5in;">KMnO<sub>4</sub> + HCl → 2KCl + MnCl<sub>2</sub> + 8H<sub>2</sub>O + 5Cl<sub>2</sub></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: 0.5in;"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: 0.5in;">Sifat oksidator bromin yang tidak terlalu kuat. Dalam proses industri, bromine dibuat dengan cara mengalirkan gas klorin ke dalam larutan bromide.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: 0.5in;">Reaksi : Cl<sub>2</sub> + 2Br<sup>-</sup> → Br<sub>2</sub> +2Cl<sup>-</sup></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: 0.5in;">Dalam skala laboratorium, bromin dibuat dengan cara :</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: 0.5in;">o Mencampurkan CaOCl<sub>2</sub>, H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>, dengan bromida.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: 0.5in;">CaOCl<sub>2</sub> + H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> → CaSO<sub>4</sub> + H<sub>2</sub>O + Cl<sub>2</sub></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: 0.5in;">Cl<sub>2</sub> + 2Br<sup>-</sup> → Br<sub>2</sub> + 2Cl<sup>-</sup></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: 0.5in;">o Mencampurkan KMnO<sub>4</sub> dan HBr pekat.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: 0.5in;">o Mencampurkan bromide, H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>, dan MnO<sub>2</sub>.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: 0.5in;"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: 0.5in;">Unsur iodine dapat dibuat dengan cara.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: 0.5in;">o Dengan mereaksikan NaIO<sub>3</sub> dan natrium bisilfit.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: 0.5in;">2NaIO<sub>3</sub> + 5N<sub>4</sub>H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>3</sub> → 3NaHSO<sub>4</sub> + 2Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> + H<sub>2</sub>O + I<sub>2</sub></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: 0.5in;">o Dalam skala laboratorium pembuatan iodin analog dengan pembuatan bromin, hanya saja bromida diganti dengan iodida.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: 0.5in;"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: 0.5in;">Senyawa HF dan HCl dapat dibuat juga di laboratorium dengan mereaksikan garam halide (NaF dan CaCl<sub>2</sub>) dengan asam sulfat pekat dan dipanaskan sesuai dengan persamaan reaksiberikut :</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: 0.5in;">2NaF + H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> → Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> + 2HF</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: 0.5in;">CaCl<sub>2</sub> + H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> → CaSO<sub>4</sub> +2HCl</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: 0.5in;"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: 0.5in;">Senyawa HI dan HBr tidak dapat dibuat seperti itu karena Br<sup>-</sup> atau I<sup>-</sup> akan dioksidasi oleh H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: 0.5in;">2NaBr + H<sub>2</sub>SO4 → Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>3</sub> + Br<sub>2</sub> + H<sub>2</sub>O</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: 0.5in;">MgI<sub>2</sub> + H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> → MgSO<sub>3</sub> + I<sub>2</sub> + H<sub>2</sub>O</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: 0.5in;">HBr dan HI biasanya dibuat dengan pereaksi H<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>4</sub>.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: 0.5in;">3NaBr +H<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>4</sub> → Na<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>4</sub> + 3HBr</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: 0.5in;">3MgI<sub>2</sub> + 2H<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>4</sub> → Mg<sub>3</sub>(PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub> + 6HI</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: 0.5in;">Cl<sub>2</sub>, Br<sub>2 </sub>dan I<sub>2</sub> dapat di buat dengan mereaksikan suatu halide<span style=""> </span>alkali dengan asam sulfat encer dan MnO<sub>2</sub>.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: 0.5in;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:line id="_x0000_s1060" style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;z-index:35' from="183pt,6.2pt" to="210pt,6.2pt"> <v:stroke endarrow="block"/> </v:line><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="position: absolute; z-index: 35; left: 0px; margin-left: 243px; margin-top: 2px; width: 39px; height: 12px;"><img src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ADMINI%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image009.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1060" width="39" height="12"></span><!--[endif]-->MnO<sub>2</sub> + 4 H<sup>+ </sup>+ 2X<sup>-</sup><span style=""> </span>Mn<sup>2+</sup> + 2 H<sub>2</sub>O + X<sub>2</sub></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: 0.5in;">Klor dapat di buat juga dengan reaksi </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: 0.5in;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:line id="_x0000_s1061" style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;z-index:36' from="215.25pt,6.8pt" to="242.25pt,6.8pt"> <v:stroke endarrow="block"/> </v:line><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="position: absolute; z-index: 36; left: 0px; margin-left: 286px; margin-top: 3px; width: 39px; height: 12px;"><img src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ADMINI%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image023.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1061" width="39" height="12"></span><!--[endif]-->2 MnO<sup>-</sup><sub>4</sub> +<span style=""> </span>10 Cl<sup>-</sup> + 16 H<sup>+</sup><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>2 Mn<sup>2+</sup> + 8 H<sub>2</sub>O + Cl<sub>2</sub></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: 0.5in;">Brom dan yod dapat di buat dengan cara oksidasi bromide<span style=""> </span>dan yodida dengan gas klor.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: 0.5in;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:line id="_x0000_s1059" style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;z-index:34' from="127.5pt,8.1pt" to="154.5pt,8.1pt"> <v:stroke endarrow="block"/> </v:line><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="position: absolute; z-index: 34; left: 0px; margin-left: 169px; margin-top: 5px; width: 39px; height: 12px;"><img src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ADMINI%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image012.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1059" width="39" height="12"></span><!--[endif]-->Cl<sub>2</sub> + 2 Br<sup>-</sup><span style=""> </span>2 Cl<sup>-</sup> + Br<sub>2</sub></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: 0.5in;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:line id="_x0000_s1058" style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;z-index:33' from="126.75pt,8pt" to="153.75pt,8pt"> <v:stroke endarrow="block"/> </v:line><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="position: absolute; z-index: 33; left: 0px; margin-left: 168px; margin-top: 5px; width: 39px; height: 12px;"><img src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ADMINI%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image014.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1058" width="39" height="12"></span><!--[endif]-->Cl<sub>2</sub> + 2 I<sup>- </sup><span style=""> </span>2 Cl<sup>-</sup> + I<sub>2<o:p></o:p></sub></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: 0.5in;"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: 0.5in;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <h2 style="margin-left: 0.25in;"><a name="_Toc231794469"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">T.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->KEGUNAAN HALOGEN</a></h2> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="">Ø<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">Penggunaan fluor<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">1.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->pembuatan UF<sub>6</sub> agar dapat memisahkan <sup>235</sup>U dan <sup>238</sup>U dengan cara difusi atau sentrifuga.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">2.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->pembuatan Teflon (-CF<sub>2</sub>-CF-)n , freon (CCl<sub>2</sub>F<sub>2</sub>), dan insektisida (CCl<sub>3</sub>F)</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">3.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->pembuatan sulfur heksafluorida</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">4.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--> Asam flourida digunakan untuk mengukir (mengetsa) gelas.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1in;">Reaksi : CaSiO<sub>3</sub> + 8HF → H<sub>2</sub>SiF<sub>6</sub> + CaF<sub>2</sub> + 3H<sub>2</sub>O</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">5.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Natrium heksafluoroksilikat ( Na<sub>2</sub>SiF<sub>6</sub> ) digunakan untuk bahan campuran pasta gigi.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">6.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Natrium fluorida ( NaF ) untuk mengawetkan kayu.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">7.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style=""> </span>Belerang hexafluorida ( SF<sub>6</sub> ) sebagai insulator.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">8.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style=""> </span> Kriolit ( Na<sub>3</sub>AlF<sub>6</sub> ) sebagai bahan pelarut dalam pengolahan bahan alumunium.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">9.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Freon-12 ( CF<sub>2</sub>Cl<sub>2</sub> ) sebagai zat pendingin pada kulkas dan AC.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">10.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--> Teflon digunakan sebagai pada peralatan mesin.</p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.75in;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="">Ø<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">Penggunaan klor<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">1.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->pembuatan plastic (PVC)</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">2.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->pembuatan pelarut untuk cat, untuk membersihkan logan dari lemak, dry cleaning,</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">3.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->pembuatan unsur (Mg, Ti, Br<sub>2</sub>)</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">4.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->pembuatan senyawa organic, insektisida</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">5.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->klor dalam jumlah yang banyak digunakan dalam industri pengelantang</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Ca(OCl<sub>2</sub>).CaCl<sub>2</sub>.Ca(OH)<sub>2</sub>.H<sub>2</sub>O</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->NaOCl</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Cl<sub>2</sub> cair.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">6.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->klorinasi kaleng bekas untuk mendapatkan kembali (recovery) timah.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">7.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->pembuatan klorat (V) dan klorat (VII) di pakai sebagai bahan peledak dan bahan bajar roket.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">8.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Asam klorida ( HCl ) digunakan pada industri logam. Untuk mengekstrasi logam tersebut.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">9.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Natrium klorida ( NaCl ) digunakan sebagai garam dapur.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">10.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Kalium klorida ( KCl ) sebagai pupuk tanaman.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">11.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Amoniumklorida ( NH<sub>4</sub>Cl ) sebagai bahan pengisi batu baterai.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">12.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style=""> </span>Natrium hipoklorit ( NaClO ) digunakan sebagai pengelontang ( breaching agent ) untuk kain dan kertas.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: 0.5in;">ClO<sup>‑</sup> + zat pewarna → Cl- + zat tak berwarna</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">13.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->CaOCl<sub>2</sub>/( Ca<sup>2+</sup> )( Cl<sup>- </sup>)( ClO<sup>- </sup>) sebagai serbuk pengelontang atau kapur klor.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">14.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Kalsium hipoklorit ([Ca( OCl<sub>2 </sub>)<sub>2</sub> ] sebagai zat disenfekton pada air ledeng.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">15.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Kalium klorat (KCl) bahan pembuat mercon dan korek api.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">16.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Seng klorida (ZnCl<sub>2</sub>) sebagai bahan pematri (solder).</p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="">Ø<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">Penggunaan brom<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: 0in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">1.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->pembuatan 1-2 dibromometna untuk ditambah kedalam bensin</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">2.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->pembuatab senyawa organik</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">3.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->obat-obatan</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">4.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Natrium bromide (NaBr)sebagai obat penenang saraf</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">5.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Perak bromide(AgBr)disuspensikan dalam gelatin untuk film fotografi</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">6.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Metil bromide(CH<sub>3</sub>Br)zat pemadam kebakaran</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">7.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Etilen dibromida(C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub>Br<sub>2</sub>)ditambahkan pada bensin untuk mengubah Pb menjadi PbBr<sub>2</sub></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.75in;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="">Ø<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b>Pnggunaan yod<o:p></o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">1.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->obat-obatan</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">2.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->pembuatan zat warna</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">3.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Quartz-Yod<span style=""> </span>untuk bola lampu, NH<sub>4</sub>I untuk lensa Polaroid, AgI intuk fotografi.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">4.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->mengidentifikasi amilum</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">5.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style=""> </span>Kalium Iodat(KIO<sub>3</sub>)ditambahkan pada garam dapur.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">6.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->odoform(CHI<sub>3</sub>)merupakan zat organic</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">7.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style=""> </span>Perak Iodida(AgI)digunakan dalam film fotografi.</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <b><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Cambria;"><br style="page-break-before: always;" clear="all"> </span></b> <h1><a name="_Toc231794470">BAB III<br />PENUTUP</a></h1> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style";"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.25in;">Istilah halogen adalah<span style=""> </span>unsur yang menghasilkan garam, bila bergabung dengan logam. Kata halogen<span style=""> </span>berasal dari tatanama saintifik Perancis pada abad ke-18.</p> <p class="MsoNormal">Semua halogen wujud sebagai molekul-molekul dwiatom. Halogen lebih elektronegatif kerana mempunyai 7 elektrovalens - dua dalam subpetala s dan lima dalam subpetala p. Oleh kerana satu sahaja lagi elektron diperlukan untuk mencapai susunan oktet, maka halogen cenderung untuk menerima elektron dari unsur lain untuk memenuhkan petala elektron luarnya. Ini akan menghasilkan ion bertanda negatif satu, dan dipanggil ion halida; garam yang mengandungi ion ini dipanggil halida. Namun, klorin mampu menunjukkan nomor pengoksidaan dari -1 sehingga +7. Halogen boleh membentuk ikatan kovalen maupun ionik untuk mencapai susunan oktet.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">Ion halida juga bias bereaksi dengan atom hidrogen/air untuk menghasilkan asid. Contoh reaksinya ialah klorin bereaksi dengan air menghasilkan asid hidroklorik dan asid hipoklorus (agen peluntur).<a name="toc"></a></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.25in;">Unsur-unsur halogen mempunyai konfigurasi ns2 np5. unsure halogen merupakan unsure yang paling reaktif diantara unsure non logam. Titik leleh dan titik didih pada halogen bertambah jika no atom bertambah.,<span style=""> </span>halogen mempunyai sifat-sifat fisika dan sifat kimia.</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><o:p> </o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><o:p> </o:p></b></p> <b><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Cambria;"><br style="page-break-before: always;" clear="all"> </span></b> <h1><a name="_Toc231794471">DAFTAR PUSTAKA</a></h1> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><o:p> </o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><o:p> </o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b>Ahmad,Hiskia.2001.<i>kimia Unsur dan Radiokimia</i>. Bandung:PT.CITRA ADITYA BAKTI.<o:p></o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><o:p> </o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b>Nuryati,Leila. 2000<i>. Kimia Anorganik 1</i>. Bogor: DEPARTEMEN PERINDUSTRIAN DAN PERDAGANGAN PUSDIKLAT INDAG.<o:p></o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><o:p> </o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoBodyText"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halogen"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halogen</span></a><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"><a href="http://rumahkimia.wordpress.com/2008/11/22/halogen-neni/">http://rumahkimia.wordpress.com/2008/11/22/halogen-neni/</a><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"><a href="http://www.scribd.com/doc/8764779/Halogen-Lagi">http://www.scribd.com/doc/8764779/Halogen-Lagi</a><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/halogen">http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/halogen</a><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><o:p> </o:p></b></p> smansadahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12193993875633036156noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4616636997856140013.post-6471599334500059442009-05-04T18:15:00.000-07:002009-05-04T18:23:26.066-07:00<table border="0" height="120" width="601"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" width="597"><div style="text-align: center;"><big><span style="color:#0000ff;"><strong>SEJARAH KIMIA</strong></span></big><br /><big><span style="color:#0000ff;"><strong></strong></span></big></div><big><span style="color:#0000ff;"><strong><br /><br />Asal usul ilmu Kimia</strong></span></big></td> </tr> <tr> <td height="89" width="297"><img src="http://www.geocities.com/athens/delphi/8904/sejarah.gif" alt="sejarah.gif (97652 bytes)" height="149" width="295" /></td> <td height="89" width="296">Beratus-ratus tahun dahulu, ahli kimia dikenali sebagai <em><strong><span style="color:#ff8040;">alkimia</span></strong>. </em>Kegiatan mereka adalah tertumpu kepada usaha untuk<p><img src="http://www.geocities.com/athens/delphi/8904/rock.gif" alt="rock.gif (1120 bytes)" height="15" width="16" /> menukar logam yang murah seperti plumbum atau besi kepada emas.<br /> <img src="http://www.geocities.com/athens/delphi/8904/rock.gif" alt="rock.gif (1120 bytes)" height="15" width="16" /> mencari ubat bagi segala penyakit dan rahsia awet muda.</p></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" height="23" width="597">Mereka telah mencuba tetapi tidak berjaya. Walau bagaimanapun, usaha mereka tidak sia-sia, kajian yang mereka lakukan telah membawa kepada penemuan sebatian kimia baru dan cara sintesis beberapa seabtian kimia yang berguna. </td> </tr> </tbody></table> <div align="center"><center> <table border="0" width="614"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" width="597"><span style="color:#0000ff;"><strong><big>Empat Unsur Asas</big></strong></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left" valign="top" width="372">Orang Yunani ialah bangsa pertama yang cuba menjelaskan perubahan kimia. Mereka telah mengemukakan suatu teori bahawa semua bahan terdiri daripada <em><strong><span style="color:#ff8040;">empat unsur asas</span>, </strong></em>iaitu <span style="color:#ff0080;"><strong><em>api, air, tanah, </em></strong></span><span style="color:#400040;">dan</span><span style="color:#ff0080;"><em><strong> udara. </strong></em></span>Keempat-empat unsur itu dipercayai saling berkaitan dan mempunyai ciri-ciri tertentu seperti panas, sejuk, kering, dan lembap.<p>Wayang gambar "The Fifth Element" adalah cerita yang berkaitan dengan teori empat unsur tersebut.</p></td> <td width="234"><img src="http://www.geocities.com/athens/delphi/8904/5unsur.gif" alt="5unsur.gif (114850 bytes)" height="273" width="270" /></td> </tr> </tbody></table> </center></div> <table border="0" width="601"><tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" width="597"><span style="color:#0000ff;"><big><big><strong>Atom</strong></big></big></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top" width="153"><img src="http://www.geocities.com/athens/delphi/8904/dalton.gif" alt="dalton.gif (22615 bytes)" height="209" width="152" /></td> <td valign="top" width="440">Pada tahun 400 S.M. , dua orang ahli falsafah Yunani iaitu Democritus dan Epicurus, telah menegemukakan idea bahawa jirim terdiri daripada zarah-zarah yang sangat kecil yang disebut <span style="color:#ff8040;"><em><strong>atom.</strong></em></span> Atom bermaksud "<span style="color:#ff0080;">tidak terbelahkan</span>"<span style="color:#ff8040;"><strong><em> . </em></strong></span><span style="color:#000000;">Konsep ini telah dibincangkan selama beratus-ratus tahun.<br /> Idea atom telah ditimbulkan semula oleh John Dalton, seorang ahli kimia inggeris pada tahun 1808. Beliau telah mengemukakan Teori Atom Dalton.</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" valign="top" width="593"><span style="color:#ff8000;"><strong>Teori Atom Dalton :</strong></span><ol><li><small><small><span style="font-family:Arial;color:#000000;">Jirim terdiri daripada zarah-zarah yang kecil, yang tidak boleh dibahagi lagi dan dipanggil atom.</span></small></small></li><li><small><small><span style="font-family:Arial;color:#000000;">Atom todak boleh dicipta atau dimusnahkan.</span></small></small></li><li><small><small><span style="font-family:Arial;color:#000000;">Atom-atom bagi sesuatu unsur adalah serupa tetapi berbeza daripada atom bagi unsur-unsur lain.</span></small></small></li><li><small><small><span style="font-family:Arial;color:#000000;">Atom-atom berpadu antara satu sama lain mengikut nisbah nombor bulat yang kecil.</span></small></small></li></ol> <p><span style="font-family:Arial;color:#000000;"><small>Walau bagaimanapun, beberapa hujah dalam teori beliau telah dibuktikan tidak benar kemudiannya.</small></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table>smansadahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12193993875633036156noreply@blogger.com0